Facing the forefront of world science and technology

1. Research on high temperature superconductors.

Superconductivity was discovered by Dutch scientist H.Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. Refers to the phenomenon that some materials show zero resistance and complete diamagnetism below their critical temperature, and the corresponding materials are called superconductors. Superconductors whose critical temperature is higher than the "McMillan limit" (40K) considered by the traditional theory are called high-temperature superconductors. It is a long-term goal for scientists all over the world to explore and discover new high-temperature superconductors, especially those above the liquid nitrogen temperature range, and to study their physical mechanisms.

In 1987, the Institute of Physics made a great contribution to the study of copper oxide superconductors, independently discovered copper oxide superconductors in the liquid nitrogen temperature range, and announced its elemental composition as Ba-Y-Cu-O for the first time in the world. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1989.

In 2008, China University of Science and Technology and Institute of Physics broke the Macmillan limit temperature for the first time in the world, and discovered 43K SmFeAsO1-xFx superconductors, 41K CeFeAsO1-xFx superconductors and series of REFeAsO1-xFx and REFeAsO1-x(RE= rare earth elements) superconductors above 50K, respectively, and set a critical temperature record of 55K. Iron-based superconductors are identified as a new class of high-temperature superconductors, and important achievements have been made in the study of physical properties, which has potential application value. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2013.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has made pioneering and pioneering contributions in the only two major breakthroughs in high-temperature superconducting research in the world, and has played a leading role in many aspects in this field, continuously promoting the development of international high-temperature superconducting research.

2. A series of studies on the field of topological states.

The Institute of Physics has made a series of international leading research achievements in the field of topological states. In 2009, three-dimensional topological insulators of Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3 and Sb2Te3 were discovered theoretically and verified by experiments, which became the most widely studied topological insulator material system.

In 2010, it was put forward that the topological insulator films such as Bi2Te3 doped with Cr or Fe magnetic ions were the best system to realize quantum anomalous Hall effect, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 2013, in cooperation with Tsinghua University, the "quantum anomalous Hall effect" was observed for the first time in the world, which verified the theoretical scheme.

In 2012-2014, two Dirac semimetals, Na3Bi and Cd3As2, were predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally, and the topological classification of electronic states in condensed state was extended from insulator to semimetal, and a new state of matter — — Topological semimetallic state.

In 2015, the theory predicted that the TaAs family material was Vail semi-metal, and the first experiment confirmed the chiral electronic state — — The existence of the Fermion was rated as "Top Ten Breakthroughs in 2015" by Physical World of British Physical Society and "Eight Highlights in 2015" by Physics of american physical society. In January, 2018, he was selected into the collection of essays commemorating the 125th anniversary of the birth of american physical society Physical Review, which was the only work from China among the 49 important scientific achievements. In 2017, the triple degenerate point semi-metallic WC family materials were predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally for the first time, and the triple degenerate fermion quasi-particle excitation was found, which provided a new idea and method for exploring the extraordinary cost of fermion excitation in condensed matter.

In 2018, topological superconducting surface states were first discovered in Fe-based superconductor Fe-Te-Se materials, and zero-energy majorana bound states were also discovered in this material, which is of great significance for the construction of stable, highly fault-tolerant and extensible future quantum computer applications.

3. Research on particle physics and nuclear physics

Relying on the major scientific and technological infrastructure of relevant countries and leading major international cooperation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has achieved a series of internationally influential scientific achievements in hadron physics, nuclear physics, neutrino physics and high-energy frontier.

Since 1990, the Institute of High Energy has accurately measured τ Lepton mass and R value, a new particle X(1835) was found. In 2013, the "four-quark substance" Zc(3900) was discovered in the experiment of Beijing Spectrometer III, which was a major breakthrough in the traditional quark model that the substance only contained two or three quarks, and ranked first among the 11 important achievements in the field of physics in american physical society.

In 1992, a new nuclide, Platinum -202, was obtained by Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research with Lanzhou Heavy Ion Research Facility, which was the first time that scientists in China synthesized it. Since the 1990s, the Institute of Modern Physics has synthesized 34 new nuclides, measured the mass of a number of short-lived nuclei with high accuracy for the first time, and established an international nuclear quality data evaluation center. The production of these new nuclides is an important achievement made by scientists in China in the synthesis and research of nuclei far from the stable line.

In 2011, Shanghai Yingwu Institute participated in the international cooperative research of RHIC-STAR nuclear physics and cooperated with American scientists to discover the heaviest antimatter particle — — Anti-helium nucleus has played a key role.

In 2012, an international cooperative research team led by High Energy Institute discovered a new mode of neutrino oscillation in Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment, and accurately measured the neutrino mixing angle θ The value of 13 indicates that China’s neutrino experimental research has entered the forefront of the world from scratch. This achievement was selected as one of the top ten scientific breakthroughs in Science in 2012, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013, the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2016, and the International Breakthrough Award in Basic Physics in 2016.

China’s research team, led by High Energy Institute, made a direct contribution to the discovery of Higgs particles and its properties in the international cooperation experiment of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in 2012.

4. Study on organic molecular clustering and free radical chemistry.

Physical organic chemistry is the theoretical basis of organic chemistry, which mainly involves the relationship between structure, medium, chemical characteristics and physical characteristics. After nearly 20 years’ efforts, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry has focused on two important aspects in the frontier field of physical organic chemistry — — Organic molecular clustering and free radical chemistry have been deeply and systematically studied. Won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2002, filling the vacancy of the award for four consecutive years.

The research results of organic molecular clustering and self-volume have important theoretical enlightenment for understanding some life phenomena and designing drugs to treat atherosclerotic diseases at the molecular level. The study of free radical chemistry established the most complete and reliable parameters reflecting the spin delocalization ability of substituents in the world at that time, which was considered as a milestone by international peers. These two aspects are related to the structural effect and dielectric effect of organic compounds, and are one of the core contents of physical organic chemistry research.

5. Nanotechnology Innovation

In the field of nano-characterization, in 1988, the Institute of Chemistry developed the first scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the first atomic force microscope (AFM) integrating computer control, data analysis and image processing systems in China, which laid the material foundation for nano-technology research in China. In 2001, China University of Science and Technology used low-temperature STM for the first time in the world to obtain the ability to distinguish carbon — C60 single-molecule images of carbon single bonds and double bonds, and achieved sub-nanometer resolution single-molecule optical Raman imaging for the first time in the world in 2013, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

In 2013, the National Nanocenter realized the direct imaging of intermolecular hydrogen bonds for the first time in the world by using AFM technology, which provided the first intuitive evidence for the "nature of hydrogen bonds" that has been debated in the chemical community for more than 80 years.

In the field of nano-materials and devices, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Metals and other units have produced a number of international leading achievements in the preparation of carbon nanotubes, the control of nano-structures and their physical properties, and surface nanocrystallization for more than 20 years, which has promoted the research and development in this field.

In 2017, Shanghai Microsystems Institute and related enterprises designed Scandium with low power consumption, long life and high stability — Antimony — Tellurium (Sc-Sb-Te) is a new high-speed phase change material, which is of great significance for China to break through foreign technical barriers and independently develop memory chips. Based on long-term basic research, the Institute of Chemistry has developed a complete industrial chain technology of nano-green printing, and in 2016, it built the world’s first demonstration line of sand-free nano-green printing plates.

In the field of nanocatalysis, in 2011, Dalian Institute of Chemistry prepared Pt/FeOx monoatomic catalyst for the first time in the world, and put forward a new concept of monoatomic catalysis, which was selected as one of the top ten scientific research achievements of the American Chemical Society in 2016. In 2014, based on the new concept of nano-confined catalysis, it pioneered the catalytic process of methane anaerobic production of olefins and aromatics, realized one-step efficient conversion, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

6. Synthetic biology research

Following the first synthetic bovine insulin in China in 1965 (won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1982), in November 1981, a joint research team composed of Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Cytology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Sciences, Institute of Biophysics and related units outside the hospital, which lasted for 13 years, artificially synthesized a complete yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid molecule containing 76 nucleotides for the first time in the world. This achievement won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1987, which is of great significance for revealing the origin of life and the role of nucleic acids in organisms, laying a theoretical foundation for further understanding of genetics and other life phenomena, and developing and applying a variety of nucleic acid drugs, marking China’s entry into the world’s advanced ranks in this field.

In August 2018, the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Molecular Plant Science adopted the "engineering" method of synthetic biology and efficient enabling technology, and used single-celled eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae (naturally containing 16 linear chromosomes) as the research material to artificially create eukaryotic cells containing only a single chromosome for the first time in the world. This is after the artificial synthesis of bovine insulin and yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid, Chinese scientists have once again used synthetic science strategies to answer major basic questions in the field of life science, which will deepen human understanding of the nature of life.

7. Study on the connection map between nonhuman primate model and brain.

The Center for Excellence and Innovation in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology has made a series of important original achievements in the research of nonhuman primate model and brain connection map. At the end of 2017, it took the lead in overcoming the worldwide problem of somatic cell nuclear cloning in nonhuman primates. On November 27th, the world’s first cloned monkey "Zhongzhong" was born, and on December 5th, the second cloned monkey "Huahua" was born. This is another major breakthrough in the field of cloning biotechnology after Dolly, a British sheep cloned in 1997, which will strongly promote the basic research of life science and translational medicine research, and bring bright prospects for exploring the mechanisms of many complex diseases, establishing effective diagnosis, treatment and intervention means and creating new drugs.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence in Innovation established a nonhuman primate model with human autism gene for the first time in the world — — The cynomolgus monkey model constructs a behavioral analysis paradigm of autism in nonhuman primates, which provides an important window for observing the neuroscience mechanism of autism and lays an important foundation for further studying the pathology of autism and exploring possible treatment and intervention methods.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence and Innovation successfully drew a more accurate functional partition map of human brain, that is, the map of human brain network group, which broke through the bottleneck of traditional brain map drawing for more than 100 years and put forward the idea of "drawing brain map by using brain connection information", and established a macro-scale whole brain connection map for the first time, providing an important foundation for the source innovation of brain science and brain disease research.

8. Genome research

In July 1999, led by the Institute of Genetic Development, China participated in the International Human Genome Project, becoming the sixth participating country and the only developing country after the United States, Britain, France, Germany and Japan. In April, 2000, China completed the 1% genome sequence working frame of the International Human Genome Project ahead of schedule, determined the 30 million base sequences on the short arm of chromosome 3, and drew the completed map with 99.99% coverage, which laid the foundation for China’s biological resources genome research and participation in international bio-industry competition.

In 2000, the Institute of Genetic Development cooperated in the Genome Project of Super Hybrid Rice in China. In October, 2001, it was the first to complete the drawing of rice (indica rice) gene working frame map, and published the database free of charge. In December 2002, the world’s first detailed map of the whole genome of crops was completed — — The fine map of indica rice genome sequence was drawn, and the world’s first gene chip covering the whole rice genome was successfully developed, which laid the foundation for maintaining China’s international leading position in hybrid rice breeding. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003.

In 2014, the Institute of Zoology successfully deciphered the whole genome sequence map of Locusta migratoria manilensis, which is the largest animal genome deciphered by human beings so far, revealing the regulation mechanism of swarming behavior, phenotypic plasticity inheritance and epigenetic regulation; At the same time, a series of breakthroughs have been made around the difficult problems such as the mechanism of population outbreak and disaster. Won the 2017 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

9. Compilation and biodiversity research of Flora of China

In 2004, the encyclopedia of higher plant resources in China — — Flora of China has been completely published. Led by China Academy of Sciences (Institute of Botany, south china botanical garden Institute of Botany, Kunming Institute of Botany, etc.), the book was prepared by four generations of plant taxonomists in China for 41 years (1918-1959) and compiled for 45 years (1959-2004), and was completed with the concerted efforts of 312 authors and 164 cartographers from more than 80 units across the country. There are 80 volumes and 126 volumes, with a total of more than 50 million words. It records 31,142 species of vascular plants belonging to 3408 genera and 301 families in China, including 9,080 plates. It is the largest and richest published flora book in the world. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2009.

Flora of China is a pioneering, innovative, systematic and basic project in the field of botany. It is a landmark achievement of botany research in China in the past half century. It has great academic value, promoted the development of botany and biology-related disciplines in China, provided an important scientific basis for the study of terrestrial ecosystems and the development and utilization of plant resources, and made great contributions to the sustainable development of biodiversity in China and the world, and had a far-reaching impact.

Previously, the "Illustration of Chinese Higher Plants" and "Key to Chinese Higher Plants’ Families and Genus" led by the Institute of Botany won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1987; The research results on the systematic arrangement and historical origin of pteridophytes in China won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1993.

In terms of biodiversity investigation, collection, preservation, protection and utilization, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has completed the construction of basic resource platforms such as botanical garden system, herbarium system, biological genetic resource bank and biodiversity monitoring and research network through the construction of strategic biological resources network, and established a relatively complete germplasm resource database and information sharing management system. In 2009, Kunming Institute of Botany took the lead in setting up the China Southwest Wildlife Germplasm Resource Bank, which collected nearly 80,000 rare and endangered species, endemic species and wild plant seeds with important economic and scientific value, and the preservation capacity of germplasm resources reached the international leading level. Initiating the China Botanical Garden Alliance and implementing the "Full Coverage Plan for Native Plants" have played an important role in protecting 40 landmark scientific and technological achievements of biodiversity in China. The construction of strategic biological resources network of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the scientific research carried out on this basis are of great strategic significance for promoting the protection of biodiversity, the development of biotechnology industry and coping with international competition in biological resources.

10. Paleontological research

In 1984, Nanjing Institute of Paleontology discovered the Chengjiang fossil group, and conducted a large-scale collection and comprehensive study of more than 30,000 fossils for 17 years, and achieved a series of remarkable achievements, vividly reappearing the face of the marine animal world 530 million years ago for the first time, providing a scientific basis for revealing the mystery of the CAMBRIAN explosion. This achievement is known as "one of the most amazing scientific discoveries in the 20th century" and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2003.

"Golden Nail" is an international standard for global chronostratigraphic division and correlation. As of July 2018, among the more than 60 "golden nails" identified in the world, there are 11 in China, ranking first in the world, and 7 of them (Changxing Stage, Paibi Stage, Wujiaping Stage, Hernandez Stage, Guzhang Stage, Jiangshan Stage and Wuliu Stage) were completed by Nanjing Paleontologists.

Based on many years’ continuous large-scale field investigation and excavation, Paleovertebrate Institute has carried out research on vertebrate fauna in Jehol, western Liaoning Province, and achieved a series of important discoveries and original achievements, which enriched human understanding of the early Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem and was of great significance in the study of the origin and systematic evolution of many vertebrate groups. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003, and was selected as one of the 40 landmark major scientific and technological achievements in Time, the top ten scientific and technological discoveries in the world in 2007 and the top ten scientific breakthroughs in Science in 2014.

Through the discovery and study of the earliest modern human fossils in East Asia 120,000-80,000 years ago, the Institute of Paleontology denied some viewpoints of modern people’s "African origin theory", and put forward a new hypothesis that modern people appeared and spread in East Asia, which provided important fossil evidence for studying the evolution law of human beings in East Asia and pushed the research on the evolution of ancient human beings in China to the international frontier level. Related achievements were selected as the top ten scientific events of Nature in 2014.

11. Quaternary environmental research

Quaternary environmental field is the focus of global change research in recent years. The Institute of Geology and Earth, the Institute of Earth Environment, the Institute of Cold and Drought, etc., taking loess and glaciers as the important carriers of paleoenvironment research, have made a series of important achievements in Quaternary geology and environment research, which provide scientific basis for understanding the law of global environmental evolution, understanding the causes of current environmental changes and evaluating the future environmental development trend, and are at the forefront of international geoscience.

In the study of Quaternary loess environment, the Chinese Academy of Sciences put forward the theory of "fresh wind", which reconstructed the history of climate change for 2.5 million years based on China loess, promoted the development of earth environmental science, and had important practical significance for soil and water conservation, vegetation reconstruction and sand control in the Loess Plateau, and provided decision support for the comprehensive management of the national Loess Plateau. "Experimental study on comprehensive management of loess plateau" won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1993.

In the research of Quaternary Glaciers, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has found out the distribution and characteristics of Quaternary Glaciers in China, compiled the map of Quaternary Glaciers in China, broke through the traditional theory of Quaternary Four Glaciers, and developed the international scientific theory of Quaternary Glaciers and environmental changes, which is of great significance to the future water resources change, environmental evolution and sustainable development.

12. East Asian atmospheric circulation research

The study of atmospheric circulation is an important way to reveal the laws of atmospheric movement, explore global climate change, and make climate prediction and weather forecast. The Institute of Atmospheric Research and the Institute of Geophysics have made a systematic and in-depth study on the movement law of atmospheric circulation in East Asia, put forward the concept of abrupt climate change, and found that the circulation in East Asia and North America has changed sharply in the transitional season. The research found and proved the importance of blocking high in the continuous abnormal weather forecast, and revealed the influence mechanism of atmospheric circulation in East Asia on the climate in China. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

The study of atmospheric circulation in East Asia laid a theoretical foundation for the establishment of numerical weather forecast model in China in 1980s. In 1980, the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences cooperated with the Central Meteorological Observatory to set up the "Joint Numerical Forecasting Room", which developed the series of achievements into the main mode of meteorological service in China. In 1982, the Central Meteorological Observatory made the first 72-hour numerical weather forecast according to this model.

13. Mathematical mechanization method and symplectic geometry algorithm

In 1970s and 1980s, China’s algorithmic thought of traditional mathematics was developed, and an efficient algebraic method for proving geometric theorems by computer — — "Wu method" initiated a new interdisciplinary direction of mathematical mechanization. This is one of the most complete methods to solve algebraic and differential algebraic equations by symbols at present. It has been applied to solve mathematical interdisciplinary scientific problems such as robot kinematics, intelligent CAD, visual positioning, optimal interpolation of numerical control, cryptanalysis, automatic discovery of physical laws, configuration of celestial operation center, etc., which indicates that China has reached the international leading level in the field of automatic reasoning research.

Hamilton system is a mathematical form that expresses all conservation physical processes, and symplectic geometry is the mathematical basis of Hamilton system. In 1984, the Institute of Computational Mathematics put forward the calculation method of Hamilton system based on symplectic geometry, which created a new frontier field where computational physics, computational mechanics and computational mathematics intersect and permeate each other. Through systematic research, a number of fundamental original achievements were obtained, which had a great impact on the world and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1997. The algorithm has become the mainstream research direction of 40 landmark scientific and technological achievements of ordinary differential equations and numerical calculation of dynamic systems, and has brought about innovations in calculation in the fields of science and engineering. It has been widely used in celestial orbit evolution, high-energy accelerator design, molecular dynamics simulation, numerical weather prediction, oil and gas exploration, plasma confinement, computational quantum chemistry and so on.

14. Series of large astronomical observation facilities

LAMOST (also called "Guo Shoujing Telescope"), an optical telescope with large aperture and large field of view, is located in Xinglong Observatory of National Astronomical Observatory, and its spectrum acquisition rate is the highest in the world. The project was established in 1997, construction started in 2001, passed the acceptance test in 2009, and the spectrum survey began in October 2011.

As of June 2018, LAMOST has released more than 10 million celestial spectra, making it the astronomical database with the most complete coverage, the largest survey volume and sampling density, the best statistical consistency and the largest number of samples in the world. In August 2018, a strange celestial body with the highest known lithium abundance (about 3000 times that of similar celestial bodies) was discovered. Astronomers at home and abroad have made breakthroughs in the formation and evolution of the Milky Way, cross-certification of multi-band celestial bodies and galaxy physics by using LAMOST data.

The 500-meter spherical radio telescope (FAST, also known as "Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST)") is the largest and most sensitive radio telescope with independent intellectual property rights in China. FAST uses Guizhou natural karst depression as the telescope site, led by the National Astronomical Observatory, which was established in 2007 and started construction in 2011. Completed and opened in September 2016, it was selected as a major global scientific event in Nature that year and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017. By the end of August, 2018, FAST had confirmed the discovery of 44 pulsars, among which the first millisecond pulsar was internationally certified in April, 2018, which opened a new era of pulsar discovery in China Radio Telescope System.

In addition, the solar magnetic field telescope led by Beijing Observatory and the long-wave time service platform system built by Shaanxi Observatory won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988 respectively. The 1.56m astrometric telescope led by Shanghai Observatory won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992. The 2.16m astronomical optical telescope led by Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Development Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1998. The 65-meter radio telescope (also known as "Tianma Telescope") led by Shanghai Observatory has played an important role in China’s lunar exploration project and deep space exploration.

The construction and operation of a series of large astronomical observation facilities have provided high-level observation means and research platforms for Chinese and even world scientists to explore the mysteries of the universe, improved the international status of astronomy in China, and are of great significance to China’s basic frontier scientific research, strategic high-tech development and international scientific and technological cooperation.

15. Large accelerator devices represented by the Beijing Electron Positron Collider.

The Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is the first major national science and technology infrastructure built since China’s reform and opening-up. It was led by the Institute of High Energy, established in April 1983, started in October 1984, completed in October 1988 and put into operation in October 1990. It was called by People’s Daily as "another major breakthrough achievement in the high-tech field after the successful explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs and the launch of artificial satellites". The project construction won the special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990. The major reconstruction project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCⅡ) started in 2004 and passed the acceptance in May 2009. It won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2016.

Shanghai Light Source (SSRF) was led by Shanghai Yingwu Institute. It was established in March 1998, started in December 2004 and passed the acceptance in January 2010. This is one of the third generation synchrotron radiation light sources with leading performance indicators in the world, and it is also the largest scientific apparatus built in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2013.

Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator (HIRFL), led by the Institute of Modern Physics, was established in November 1976, started in December 1979 and passed the acceptance test in November 1989. It is the middle-high energy heavy ion accelerator with the highest energy accuracy in Asia and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992. The project of expanding multi-purpose cooling storage ring (CSR) on Lanzhou heavy ion accelerator was initiated in June 1997, started in April 2000, passed the acceptance in July 2008, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009.

Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Light Source (HLS), led by China University of Science and Technology, was established in April 1983, started in November 1984, and passed the acceptance in December 1991. It is the first special synchrotron radiation light source in China, and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1995. The second phase of the project was established in April 1997, started in May 1999 and passed the acceptance in December 2004.

China spallation neutron source (CSNS), led by High Energy Institute, was established in September 2008, started in October 2011, and passed the acceptance test in August 2018. It is the first pulsed spallation neutron source in China and the fourth in the world, and its technical indicators and comprehensive performance have entered the advanced ranks of similar devices in the world, which has enabled China to achieve a major leap in the field of intense proton accelerator and neutron scattering.

The construction and operation of a series of large-scale accelerator scientific apparatus has provided an advanced experimental platform for the frontier basic research of many disciplines in China, such as material science, life science, material science, energy science, environmental and earth science, geological archaeology, and high-tech research and development in the fields of microelectronics, micromachining, petrochemical industry, bioengineering, medicine and medical diagnosis and treatment, supported users to obtain a number of international leading achievements, made irreplaceable important contributions to enhancing China’s comprehensive scientific and technological strength, and promoted and promoted the development of related industries.

Facing the major needs of the country

16. Science and Application of Manned Space Flight and Lunar Exploration Project

Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the initiators and organizers of China manned space flight and lunar exploration project, and also the proposer and implementer of scientific and applied goals. More than 50 affiliated institutions have undertaken a large number of important engineering tasks and a number of collaborative supporting tasks, breaking through a large number of key core technologies and providing strong scientific and technological support for project implementation.

In the manned spaceflight project, the Space Application Center (formerly the General Department of Space Science and Application) took the lead in the space application system, and completed more than 70 space science and application tasks and 560 payload development tasks on Shenzhou series spacecraft, Tiangong-1, Tiangong-2 and Tianzhou-1. Continuous innovation and development of visible light, infrared, hyperspectral imaging and microwave remote sensing technologies have promoted the leap-forward development of space-to-earth observation technology in China; Created a series of space research in China, such as life science, microgravity fluid and material science, basic physics and astronomy. In 2008, the satellite was released in orbit for the first time, and the long-distance approach and accurate flight around non-cooperative targets were realized.

In 2016, in the mission of Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory, 14 scientific experiments in three major scientific fields were completed, among which the space cold atomic clock improved the time measurement accuracy of human beings in space by one or two orders of magnitude, which is an important milestone in the development of space quantum technology. "China’s manned spaceflight project", "astronauts’ extravehicular activity" and "rendezvous and docking" (including space application system) won the special prize, first prize and special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2003, 2009 and 2013 respectively.

In the lunar exploration project, the National Astronomical Observatory is responsible for six major tasks, such as the formulation of scientific objectives, the ground application system, the detection of payload, the VLBI of the measurement and control system, the development of engineering supporting loads and critical parts, and the research of scientific data. Since 2004, the development and scientific exploration tasks of Chang ‘e-1, Chang ‘e-2 and Chang ‘e-3 projects have been successfully completed, and key technologies such as earth-moon data transmission link, earth-moon VLBI orbit determination, payload and scientific exploration data processing method have been broken through, and a series of major original achievements have been achieved, such as obtaining the brightness temperature and its distribution law of the whole moon for the first time in the world, discovering a new rock type in the landing area of Chang ‘e-3 and reconstructing the geological evolution history of the lunar rain area, which has made outstanding contributions to the lunar exploration project. "Lunar Exploration Project" and "Chang ‘e II Project" won the special prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2009 and 2012 respectively.

In the manned space flight and lunar exploration project, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has overcome a series of technical difficulties and achieved a large number of achievements with great scientific and application value, which has made important contributions to promoting the development of space science and space application in China and safeguarding national space security and strategic interests.

17. Development of Beidou satellite navigation system series satellites

Beidou satellite navigation system is the largest space system project in China’s space history, with the longest system construction period and the most complicated technology. It is a global satellite navigation system that is independently built and operated in China and is compatible with other satellite navigation systems in the world. As one of the main construction units, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Microsatellite Innovation Research Institute, the Shanghai Observatory, the National Time Service Center, the Wuhan Institute of Materials and Sciences, and the Photoelectric Institute have undertaken the global networking satellite tasks of Beidou-2, Global System Test Satellite and Beidou-3 MEO, leading the leap-forward development of China’s advanced satellite technology and making important contributions to the global networking of Beidou satellite navigation system.

In the global system test satellite mission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences independently developed and successfully launched two new generation global system test satellites, of which the first star was launched on March 30, 2015. This achievement won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017. In the Beidou-3 project, four groups of eight global networking satellites independently developed were successfully launched on January 12, March 30, August 25 and October 15, 2018 respectively. Key stand-alone machines and components such as the on-board atomic clock have been localized, and reliable guarantee has been provided in high-precision navigation, positioning and time service. The construction of this project marks the milestone of Beidou navigation system from regional to global.

Beidou satellite navigation system began to provide services to China and its surrounding areas at the end of 2000, and provided services to most parts of Asia-Pacific by the end of 2012. It is planned to serve countries and regions along the Belt and Road by the end of 2018, and complete global networking in 2020, which will generate extensive economic and social benefits in many fields such as transportation, marine fishery, hydrological monitoring, weather forecast, geodesy, intelligent driving test, disaster relief and reduction, mobile navigation, and car navigation.

18. Space science experiment series satellites

Since 2011, the Space Center has taken the lead, and many units inside and outside the Institute have participated in the implementation of the strategic pilot science and technology project of space science of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Through the independent and international cooperative scientific satellite program, a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in the frontier fields of related science, and related high-tech development has been promoted.

On December 17th, 2015, the dark matter particle detection satellite "Wukong" was successfully launched. This is the space detector with the widest observation range and the best energy resolution in the world so far. It has successfully obtained the highest precision electron cosmic ray energy spectrum in the world, and discovered the TeV inflection point and its fine structure above TeV for the first time.

On April 6, 2016, China’s first microgravity scientific experimental satellite "Practice 10" was successfully launched. The scientific goal is to study and reveal the laws of material movement and life activities under microgravity and space radiation conditions, and promote basic research such as life sciences and high-tech development such as ground bioengineering and new materials. The satellite capsule successfully returned on April 18th, and 15 of the 19 scientific experiments were the first in the world, and a number of important research results were obtained.

On August 16th, 2016, Mozi, the world’s first experimental satellite for quantum science, was successfully launched, which took the lead in realizing three scientific goals, namely, two-way quantum entanglement distribution between thousands of kilometers of satellites and places, high-speed quantum key distribution between satellites and places, and teleportation between satellites and places, marking China’s leading position in the field of quantum communication.

On June 15, 2017, China’s first hard X-ray modulated telescope satellite "Huiyan" was successfully launched. The satellite is a major space science project to study the frontier problems of dense celestial bodies such as black holes and neutron stars. It played an indispensable role in the joint observation of gravitational waves produced by the merger of two neutron stars announced by the National Science Foundation on October 16, 2017.

In addition, on December 22, 2016, the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully launched the first scientific experimental satellite for global carbon dioxide monitoring in China and the third in the world. This satellite can obtain the global atmospheric carbon dioxide distribution map and the global vegetation chlorophyll fluorescence distribution map every quarter, and the satellite data obtained by it is open to the world for sharing. The satellite provides basic data for research in the fields of greenhouse gas emission and carbon verification, provides data support for macro-decision-making such as energy conservation and emission reduction, and increases China’s voice in international carbon emission.

19. Deep sea scientific research and manned submersible technology

"Jiaolong" manned submersible is the first operational deep-sea manned submersible independently designed and integrated in China, and it is also the 40 operational manned submersibles with the deepest diving ability in the world. The Institute of Acoustics and Shenyang Institute of Automation respectively completed two key tasks (acoustic system and control system) in the three international leading technologies of Jiaolong, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. On June 27th, 2012, "Jiaolong" set a record for manned deep diving in China with a maximum dive of 7,062m, marking that China’s manned deep diving technology ranks among the advanced countries in the world, and its research and development and application won the first prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

In September 2012, the Institute of Oceanography built the "Science" comprehensive research ship for marine science, which has global navigation capability and all-weather observation capability, and is the most advanced scientific research ship in China. Taking this as the core, a world-class comprehensive exploration system for the deep sea has been built, which has significantly improved China’s deep sea exploration and research capabilities and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

From June to August, 2016, the Abyss Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences, organized by Deep Sea Institute, carried out the first comprehensive 10,000-meter Abyss expedition in the Challenger Abyss of Mariana Trench in China. Multi-type equipment broke through the depth of 10,000 meters and obtained a large number of biological and environmental samples of the 10,000-meter Abyss, which marked that the China Abyss expedition entered the 10,000-meter era. Shenyang Institute of Automation independently developed the 10,000-meter autonomous remote-controlled underwater robot "Haidou" (the maximum depth was 10,888 meters in February 2017), becoming the third country with the ability to develop 10,000-meter unmanned submersible after Japan and the United States.

In 2017, the "Haiyi" water glider independently developed by Shenyang Institute of Automation broke the world diving depth record for three times, with a maximum diving depth of 6,329 meters and continuous working hours at sea for more than three months, making China the second country after the United States with the ability to independently move ocean observation across seasons.

The "Deep Sea Warrior", which was developed by Institute of Acoustics, Shenyang Institute of Automation and Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and led by Deep Sea Institute, is the second deep-sea manned submersible with independent intellectual property rights in China. The underwater working depth is 4,500 meters, and the localization rate is as high as 95%. From August to October, 2017, the manned submersible engineering test was successfully carried out in the South China Sea. From March to June, 2018, the "Deep Sea Warrior" carried out high-frequency, high-intensity and complex sea conditions in the South China Sea around many application scenarios such as deep-sea science, deep-sea archaeology and deep-sea rescue, and achieved fruitful results.

In addition, since the 1980s, the South China Sea Institute of Oceanography has taken the lead in carrying out comprehensive scientific investigations on Nansha Islands and its adjacent sea areas with 32 units across the country, and obtained a large number of data and information on hydrology, geology, biology and oil and gas resources, which not only enriched and developed the basic theory of tropical marine science in China, but also provided an important scientific basis for safeguarding the sovereignty and maritime rights and interests of Nansha Islands in China, and was of great application value to resource development, environmental protection and comprehensive management in the South China Sea.

The key technological breakthroughs in deep-sea scientific research and manned submersible have promoted the overall improvement of China’s marine science and technology, realized the leap from integrated innovation to independent innovation of China’s deep-sea equipment, and provided important scientific and technological support for China to manage the ocean and build a maritime power.

20. Research on Quantum Communication and Quantum Computing

In quantum communication research, China University of Science and Technology is at the international leading level in developing long-distance quantum communication network technology. In February 2012, the world’s first large-scale metropolitan quantum communication network was built. In August 2017, Mozi, the world’s first experimental satellite for quantum science, realized the two-way quantum entanglement distribution, high-speed quantum key distribution and teleportation of satellites for thousands of kilometers for the first time in the world. "Tiangong-2" successfully realized the satellite-ground quantum key distribution based on miniaturized terminals. In September 2017, the world’s first quantum communication "Beijing-Shanghai trunk line" connecting multiple cities was officially opened; At the same time, the world’s first intercontinental quantum video communication is realized by combining the heaven-earth link of "Beijing-Shanghai trunk line" and "Mozi", which indicates that China has built the embryonic form of a wide-area quantum communication network integrating heaven and earth.

In the research of quantum computing, China University of Science and Technology is in an international leading position in the preparation and manipulation of multi-particle quantum entanglement, and has kept the world record of entangled photons since 2004. In 2015, the teleportation of multi-degree-of-freedom quantum system was successfully realized for the first time in the world, and it was rated as the top ten major breakthroughs in international physics by the British Physical Society that year. The research results of multiphoton entanglement and interferometry won the first prize of the 2015 National Natural Science Award. In December 2016, ten-photon entanglement was realized for the first time in the world, which once again set a new world record for the preparation of photon entangled States.

In May 2017, the world’s first quantum computer prototype based on a single photon was independently developed, and 10 superconducting qubits were entangled, which was selected as the leading scientific and technological achievement in the 4th world internet conference. In February, 2018, the cloud platform of quantum computing developed jointly with Alibaba Cloud was launched, becoming the second system in the world to provide more than 10-bit quantum computing cloud services to the public after IBM. In July 2018, the entanglement of 18 optical qubits was realized for the first time in the world, which set a new world record for the preparation of the largest entangled state in all physical systems.

21. Key technologies of VLSI

After more than 30 years’ efforts, Shanghai Microsystems broke through the technologies of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and 12-inch large silicon wafer respectively, successfully developed and industrialized 48-inch SOI and 12-inch large silicon wafer with core independent intellectual property rights, formulated the first enterprise standard of SOI technology in China, broke the foreign technology blockade, and entered the international high-end silicon-based materials market, which was a major breakthrough in silicon integrated circuit technology and microelectronic materials in China. Won the first prize of the 2006 National Science and Technology Progress Award and the 2007 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The Institute of Microelectronics led the organization of the National Industry-University-Research Alliance. After seven years of tackling key problems, it has successively broken through key technologies such as 22nm high-k dielectric/metal gate engineering, 14nm FinFET devices, new flash memory devices, manufacturability design, etc., and formed a systematic layout of intellectual property rights on key process modules (2,406 patents, including 483 international patents). In 2013, it realized the license transfer to large manufacturing enterprises for the first time, and entered the stage of industrial development, which was at the nanometer level in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

22. High performance computing

In 1983, the computer of the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" project jointly developed by the Institute of Computing Technology and more than 80 units inside and outside the Institute passed the appraisal for thousands of times. This is the first large-scale vector computer system independently researched, designed and trial-produced in China, and won the first prize of the 1985 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

In 1995, the institute broke through some key technologies of large-scale parallel processing, successfully developed Dawning 1000 large-scale parallel computer system, and won the first prize of the 1997 National Science and Technology Progress Award. The Dawning 4000 series high-performance computers successfully developed in 2004 have the ability of 10 trillion floating-point operations, which makes China’s high-performance computing technology and industry rank among the top ten in the world and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005. Dawning 5000A, which was successfully developed in 2008, continues to rank tenth in the 32nd TOP500 list of global high-performance computers. Dawn "Nebula" successfully developed in 2010 is the first supercomputer with measured performance exceeding petaflops in China, ranking second in the world. From 2009 to 2016, Dawning series supercomputers ranked first in the market share of high-performance computers in China for 8 consecutive years.

The Institute of Software has long been committed to the software research and development of a series of domestic high-performance computers such as Yu Shuguang, Lenovo, Shenwei and Tianhe, and has developed a new generation of high-performance common basic algorithm libraries and a domain decomposition algorithm suitable for large heterogeneous environments. It broke through the key technology of fully implicit solver design under the scale of 10 million cores and won the highest international award for high performance computing application in 2016 — — Gordon Bell Award and 2017 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

23. Research and development of domestic chips and system software

In 2002, godson-1, China’s first self-developed general-purpose processor chip, was successfully developed by Compute, which indicated that China had initially mastered the key design technologies of contemporary general-purpose processor chips. In 2003, China’s first 64-bit general-purpose processor chip "Godson 2B" was successfully developed. In 2009, China’s first multi-core general processor chip "Godson 3A" was successfully developed. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003. After more than 10 years of research and development, "Godson" has formed three product series, such as embedded application, desktop application and server, which are used in Beidou navigation satellite, party and government office, digital TV, education, industrial control, network security and national defense.

In recent years, the institute has developed the world’s first deep learning processor chip — — "CAMBRIAN" can improve the energy efficiency of intelligent processing by more than 100 times compared with traditional chips such as general-purpose processors, and is applied to tens of millions of mobile phones such as Huawei Mate10, Glory V10 and P20. In November 2016, it was selected as the third leading scientific and technological achievement in world internet conference. In 2016, it hatched the world’s first artificial intelligence chip unicorn company.

In 1983, based on the research on the theory and design of software engineering environment of sequential logic, the Institute of Software proposed the world’s first executable sequential logic language XYZ/E, which can support the whole process of software development and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1989.

In 1985, Lenovo Group, which was hatched by computer, successfully developed the Lenovo Chinese character microcomputer system LX-PC and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988. In 1990, Lenovo ELSA486/50 microcomputer and test system were successfully developed and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992.

24. Robot and artificial intelligence technology

In 1995, Shenyang Institute of Automation took the lead in developing the 6000m autonomous underwater robot (CR-01). In 1995 and 1997, it went to the Pacific Ocean twice to carry out investigations, which enabled China to conduct detailed exploration of most sea areas except trenches. The related technologies and capabilities ranked among the top in the world and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1998.

In 2012, the Institute independently developed China’s first 6000m unmanned cableless submersible (AUV) "Qianlong No.1", which has the functions of automatic orientation, depth setting, height setting, vertical and lateral movement, closed-loop control of position and path, and remote navigation on the water surface. In 2014, "Qianlong II" was successfully developed, which has high intelligent autonomous obstacle avoidance ability and stable navigation control ability, marking that China’s underwater autonomous robot technology has reached the international advanced level.

The industrial robot technology of the institute has been successfully industrialized, and the market share of mobile robots of Xinsong Company continues to be the first in the world. In recent years, special robots have been developed, such as mobile robots for polar scientific research on ice and snow, rotary-wing flying robots, nano-operating robots, ultra-high voltage line inspection robots, and anti-terrorism explosion-proof robot.

The first full-size humanoid rescue robot "Yugong" developed by Hefei Research Institute in 2013 has the ability of autonomous walking and multi-task operation in complex environment, reaching the international advanced level.

In 1999, Hanwang Technology Company, which was hatched by Institute of Automation, developed the world’s first handwritten Chinese character input system with large character set — — The recognition method and system of handwritten Chinese characters in Lian Bi of Hanwang Deformation won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2001.

Iris recognition technology, face recognition technology, voice recognition technology, intelligent video surveillance technology, molecular imaging technology, etc. developed by Institute of Automation have been widely used, and AI program "CASIA- Prophet 1.0" and bionic robot fish’s high efficiency and high maneuverability control have been important applications in specific fields.

In 1992, the Institute of Computing Technology developed an intelligent English-Chinese machine translation system IMT/EC(IMT/863), which won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1995, opening the way for Chinese machine translation technology to enter the international market.

Iflytek Company is at the international leading level in the field of intelligent voice and artificial intelligence core technology, and has set a new world record in top international competitions and authoritative evaluation for many times, ranking sixth in the list of "50 Smartest Companies in the World" in 2017 by MIT Science and Technology Review.

25. Advanced nuclear energy research

In the field of nuclear fusion, Hefei Research Institute independently designed, built and operated the world’s first fully superconducting noncircular cross-section tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device (EAST, commonly known as "Small Sun"), which established an important experimental platform for the world’s steady-state near-core fusion physics and engineering research. The project was established in July 1998, started in October 2000, and passed the acceptance in March 2007. On July 3, 2017, EAST obtained the plasma driven by completely non-inductive current (steady state) with high confinement mode for more than 100 seconds, becoming the first tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device in the world to realize the operation duration of steady state with high confinement mode of 100 seconds. Its scientific research results provide experimental support for the long pulse and high confinement operation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and provide experimental support for the next generation fusion device in China — — The design and pre-research of China Fusion Engineering Experimental Reactor (CFETR) laid the foundation. The construction and operation of EAST has made China’s Tokamak research go to the forefront of the world and become one of the most important international research centers in this field. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2007, the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2008 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2013.

In the field of nuclear fission, in 2011, the Institute of Modern Physics took the lead in researching the key core technology of Accelerator Drive System (ADS). In 2016, the advanced nuclear energy system scheme driven by Accelerator was put forward for the first time in the world and a prototype was built, which integrated the safe disposal of nuclear waste, the proliferation of nuclear fuel and the production capacity. The utilization rate of uranium resources can be increased from less than 1% at present to over 95%, the amount of treated nuclear waste is less than 4% of spent fuel, and the radiation life can be shortened from hundreds of thousands of years to about 50%. In recent years, Shanghai Yingwu Institute has taken the lead in building the Thorium-based molten salt reactor (Cold) Experimental Research Base, realizing the prototype system of Thorium-uranium cycle, reactor body engineering design, series of high-temperature molten salt circuits, safety and licensing and a series of key technological breakthroughs, leading the international research and development of Thorium-based molten salt reactor, and laying a scientific and technological foundation for the construction of experimental reactors.

26. Super laser technology and device

Ultra-intense and ultra-short laser is considered as the brightest light source known to mankind, which can create unprecedented comprehensive extreme physical conditions of ultra-intense electromagnetic field, ultra-high energy density and ultra-fast time scale in the laboratory, and has great application value in the fields of desktop accelerator, attosecond science, ultra-fast chemistry, material science, laser fusion, nuclear physics and medicine, and high-energy physics.

In 2002, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics broke through the key science and technology of new principle series of ultra-short laser with optical parameter chirped pulse amplification, and obtained 16.7 terawatt laser output with peak power one order of magnitude higher than that of similar international research, and won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2004. In 2011, the Institute of Physics adopted high contrast chirped pulse amplification technology, and for the first time in the world, the femtosecond Ti: sapphire amplification laser device was used to obtain the peak power greater than 1 petawatt. In 2013 and 2016, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics successively developed 2-watt and 5-watt laser systems that set the world’s highest peak laser power record at that time. In 2017, it was the first to realize 10-watt laser amplification output, leading the international frontier of super laser science.

Since the 1960s, as the birthplace and core team of laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) device research in China, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics has successively completed the construction of Shenguang I and Shenguang II series high-power laser devices, providing core strategic support for the frontier research of high-energy density physics and the national strategic high-tech development. Shenguang I device (Laser No.12 experimental device), which was built in 1986, marked a major breakthrough in the five-in-one experimental research of ICF in China and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990. Shenguang ⅱ device completed in 2001 and the only multifunctional probe system successfully developed in China in 2005; The Shenguang driver upgrade device that passed the acceptance in 2017 has become a comprehensive research platform for quick fire and advanced flash photography capabilities, which is the core of ICF research in China.

27. Manufacturing technology of high-precision diffraction grating and large-aperture silicon carbide reflector

Diffraction grating is a kind of precision optical element with nanometer precision periodic microstructure, and it is the "heart" of all kinds of spectral instruments. It has important applications in astronomy, optical communication, lasers, information storage, inertial confinement laser nuclear fusion and many other fields. It is a worldwide problem to make the grating bigger and finer, and the grating scribing machine, as the master machine for making gratings, is known as the "king of precision machinery". After years of hard work, Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics broke through a series of key core technologies, and independently developed a large-scale high-precision diffraction grating scribing system in November 2016, and successfully scribed the world’s largest stepped grating (400 mm× 500 mm), which solved the problem of "having a device without a heart" in China’s spectral instruments, broke foreign monopoly and blockade, and improved the ability of China’s spectral instrument industry to move towards high-end and expand the international market. Large-aperture optical mirror is the core component of high-resolution space Earth observation, deep space exploration and astronomical observation system. Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic material is internationally recognized as a high-performance mirror material. China is totally dependent on imports and has long been controlled by people. Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics has completed the manufacture of the largest diameter 4m silicon carbide mirror in international public reports, the preparation of silicon carbide mirror blank, aspheric surface processing inspection and modified coating. The core manufacturing equipment and manufacturing process have independent intellectual property rights, and passed the acceptance in August 2018. This achievement marks a major technological breakthrough in the field of large-aperture optical manufacturing in China.It is of great strategic significance for China’s basic research, disaster prevention and mitigation, public safety and national defense security to form the development capability of large-aperture series mirrors.

28. Scientific investigation and research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the roof of the world, the water tower of Asia and the roof of the world of the earth, is an important ecological security barrier and strategic resource reserve base in China, and an important protected area of Chinese national culture, which is of great significance for studying the evolution of the earth and life, global climate change and the sustainable development of mankind.

On the basis of comprehensive scientific investigations in areas such as Mount Everest in the 1960s, from 1973 to 1980, the Natural Resources Comprehensive Investigation Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with thousands of experts from nearly 80 units across the country, carried out the first comprehensive and systematic comprehensive scientific investigation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, accumulated a large number of first-hand scientific investigation materials, and made pioneering achievements in many aspects such as the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on the natural environment and human activities. It fills the blank of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau research, establishes China’s leading position in comprehensive scientific research on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and also provides scientific basis for ecological protection and economic and social development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

Since then, the relevant units of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have successively organized and carried out Hengduan Mountain (1981-1986) and Karakorum Mountain — Kunlun Mountain (1987-1992), Hoh Xil (1989-1990, 2005), Mount Everest (2005), Guriya Ice Cap in West Kunlun (2015) and many other large-scale comprehensive scientific investigations.

In August 2017, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Institute initiated the second comprehensive scientific investigation and study on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, focusing on water, ecology and human activities. Through long-term large-scale positioning monitoring and large-scale systematic in-depth investigation, the technology, means and methods of investigation and study were innovated, and the environmental problems such as water, ecology and human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied, revealing the environmental change mechanism of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on human society, which will promote the sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, optimize the ecological security barrier system,

29 Qinghai-Tibet Railway Engineering Frozen Soil Subgrade Road Construction Technology and Demonstration Project

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project, which attracts worldwide attention, is of great significance to promoting regional economic and social development, national unity and safeguarding national strategic security. The thawing settlement of frozen soil subgrade and effective protection of permafrost are the biggest problems facing the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

Climate change through drought and drought — Frozen soil — Engineering — The comprehensive study of environment creatively puts forward a new design idea of cooling subgrade and reducing the temperature of permafrost, and carries out integrated research and engineering demonstration of engineering technical measures, which provides scientific basis and design parameters for railway construction; A new concept of dynamic feedback design is put forward, which realizes the transformation of engineering design from static to dynamic. A long-term monitoring platform for the stability of permafrost engineering of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been built to support the long-term operation and maintenance of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

This series of research results have comprehensively improved the technical level of road construction in permafrost regions in China, effectively solved the major technical problems in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway, and also have important guiding significance and wide application value for the study of engineering construction and environmental evolution in permafrost regions, with remarkable economic and social benefits. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2017. "Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project" won the special prize of 2008 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

30. Theory, technology and equipment for deep earth resources exploration.

In terms of deposit geochemistry, the Institute of Geochemistry has systematically studied 250 stratabound deposits of 17 important minerals in China, demonstrated the concept, terminology, metallogenic method and mechanism of stratabound deposits, and put forward a stratabound metallogenic theory in line with China’s geological conditions. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

In the theory of deep resource exploration, the Institute of Geological Earth has established the theoretical system of "North China Craton Destruction", developed the theory of plate tectonics and the morphological theory of geomagnetic polarity conversion field, led the study of continental evolution, and promoted the international status of solid earth science research in China; This paper reveals the internal relationship between Mesozoic large-scale mineralization in North China and craton failure, and puts forward a new metallogenic prediction model, which provides a scientific basis for deep resource exploration in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

In terms of deep resource detection technology and equipment, the Institute has developed high-performance magnetic field sensors and ground electromagnetic detection systems with independent intellectual property rights, put forward short-offset transient electromagnetic exploration methods, solved related supporting materials and technological problems, expanded the electromagnetic detection depth of active sources from several hundred meters to several kilometers, and realized large-depth, high-precision, high-speed and low-cost detection in a large range. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

In recent years, the Institute has taken the lead in developing eight sets of equipment, such as satellite magnetic load measurement, airborne superconducting full tensor magnetic gradient measurement device, airborne transient electromagnetic prospecting instrument, prospecting gravimeter, multi-channel high-power electrical prospecting instrument, metal mine seismic detection system, deep deposit logging system and combined submarine seismic detection equipment. The key technologies have filled the domestic gap, and many technical indicators have reached the international level. Some of the equipment have broken foreign monopoly and supported China’s "March into the deep part of the earth".

Facing the main battlefield of national economy

31. Huanghuaihai Science and Technology Battle and Bohai Granary Science and Technology Demonstration Project

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized many scientific research units and thousands of scientific and technological workers inside and outside the Academy, in five provinces and two cities, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Lu Yu, Anhui and Jiangsu. In view of the long-term low and unstable grain output caused by various natural disasters such as drought, waterlogging, saline-alkali and so on, it established a comprehensive agricultural management model for low-and medium-yield areas in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. After more than 20 years of scientific and technological research and production practice, it transformed 13.78 million mu of low-and medium-yield fields, increasing the grain yield per mu from 1 "Research and development of comprehensive management of middle and low yield areas in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain" won the special prize of the 1993 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

On this basis, in 2013, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology joined forces with Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Tianjin and other provinces and cities to launch the "Bohai Granary Science and Technology Demonstration Project". In view of the shortage of fresh water resources and the saline-alkali wasteland restricting food production and the development of modern agriculture in the low plain around the Bohai Sea, we focused on breaking through key technologies such as soil, fertilizer, water and seeds, integrated the construction of technical systems for increasing grain production in different types of areas, and established large-scale demonstration areas, and achieved a series of significant progress and achievements. In 2013-2017, a total of 80.16 million mu was popularized, increasing grain by 10.5 billion kilograms and saving water by 4.3 billion cubic meters; It is estimated that by 2020, the annual output will increase by 5 billion kilograms.

As an organizer and pioneer, Chinese Academy of Sciences has played an important role in the comprehensive management of agriculture in the middle and low-yield areas of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and the demonstration project of science and technology in Bohai granary, and has made great contributions to improving the level of modern agricultural science and technology in China and ensuring national food security.

32 clean and efficient use of coal core technology and industrial demonstration

Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemical Industry independently developed the indirect liquefaction technology of high-temperature iron-based slurry bed coal, and the key technical indicators were internationally leading, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005. The first batch of three million-ton industrialization demonstration projects with this technology as the core have made great progress. Shenhua Ningmei 4 million tons/year and Inner Mongolia Yitai Hangjinqi 1 million tons/year coal indirect liquefaction projects have successfully achieved full load and overload operation respectively; Shanxi Lu ‘an 1 million tons/year coal indirect liquefaction demonstration project has also been put into production and is moving towards full load operation. The successful realization of large-scale industrial demonstration and popularization and application of this technology indicates that China has mastered the world’s leading industrial core technology of the million-ton coal indirect liquefaction project.

Dalian Institute of Chemicals has developed a complete set of industrialized technology for preparing low-carbon olefins (DMTO) from methanol with independent intellectual property rights. The conversion rate of methanol is nearly 100%, and the selectivity of low-carbon olefins reaches 90%, which is at the leading level in the world. On August 8, 2010, the world’s first industrial plant (Shenhua Baotou) with 1.8 million tons of coal-based methanol to 600,000 tons of olefins was successfully started, achieving a zero breakthrough in the industrialization of coal-based olefins in the world. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Technological Invention Award in 2014. By the end of 2017, DMTO technology has licensed 24 units with an olefin production capacity of 13.88 million tons/year (about 1/3 of the country); Twelve units were put into operation, with an olefin production capacity of 6.46 million tons/year. In January, 2017, the technology of producing ethanol from coal by dimethyl ether carbonylation (DMTE) was successfully extended to 100,000 tons/year industrial demonstration in Shaanxi. This technology can also be used to produce anhydrous ethanol from the tail gas of coking plants or steel mills.

In 2016, Dalian Institute of Chemical Industry broke through the water-gas shift mode with high water consumption and high energy consumption in the field of coal chemical industry for more than 90 years, created a new route of one-step high-efficiency olefin production from coal-based syngas, and created a new way of coal conversion with low water consumption in principle.

In 2008, Fujian Institute of Biological Research pioneered a complete set of technologies for the synthesis of oxalate by gas-phase catalytic synthesis of 10,000 tons of carbon monoxide and ethylene glycol by catalytic hydrogenation of oxalate, and successfully realized the world’s first 200,000 tons/year industrial demonstration device for the production of ethylene glycol from coal in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, which changed the long-term dependence of China’s ethylene glycol raw materials on imports and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. Six sets of devices have been technically licensed and put into operation, forming a production capacity of 1.2 million tons.

The core technology and industrial demonstration of clean and efficient utilization of coal have improved the research level of new coal chemical industry in China, broken through a number of strategic key technologies, and occupied the commanding heights of international technology in some directions, providing key technical support for enterprise transformation, industrial upgrading and strategic emerging industry development, which is of great strategic significance for China to give play to its advantages in coal resources, ease the shortage of oil resources, ensure energy security and protect the ecological environment.

33. Nonlinear optical crystal research and equipment development

In 1979 and 1986, Fujian Institute of Physics invented a new type of nonlinear optical crystal — — Low temperature phase lithium metaborate (β -－BaB2O4 (BBO) and lithium triborate (LiB3O5, LBO). BBO is the first ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal with practical value in the world, and LBO is the first choice for frequency conversion in visible and ultraviolet regions, especially for high-power devices, which has broad application space in scientific research, precision machining, information communication, medical treatment, semiconductor and other industries. LBO won the first prize of National Technological Invention Award in 1991. The development of BBO and LBO crystal materials and components broke the foreign monopoly, and Fujing Science and Technology Company, which was hatched with this technology as the core, maintained the position of the world’s largest manufacturer of nonlinear optical crystals and laser crystals for a long time.

After more than 20 years’ efforts, the Institute of Physics and Chemistry has made a breakthrough in deep ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal and laser technology, taking the lead in breaking through the large-scale growth technology of nonlinear optical crystal KBBF(KBe2BO3F2) and the precise and practical deep ultraviolet all-solid-state laser technology in the world, and developed a series of practical and precise deep ultraviolet all-solid-state laser sources, and successfully developed a series of internationally pioneering/leading deep ultraviolet laser sources in cooperation with the Institute of Physics, Dalian Institute of Chemistry and Semiconductor Institute. Light source — Equipment — Scientific research — Industrialization "in innovation chain marks that China has become the only country in the world that can manufacture practical and precise deep ultraviolet solid-state lasers.

In 1984, icosahedral quasicrystals with five symmetries were found in the rapidly quenched Ti-Ni-V alloy where the metal was located, which strongly demonstrated the existence of quasicrystals, broke the traditional classification standard of crystals and amorphous materials for solid materials, and opened up a new research field for the study of material microstructure and materials. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987. This achievement and subsequent related research work have accumulated a theoretical basis for promoting the development and application of new materials such as aerospace quasicrystal thermal barrier coatings, solar selective absorption films, quasicrystal composite materials and quasicrystal thermoelectric materials.

34. Stem cells and regenerative medicine research

In 2009, animals used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) for the first time by injecting tetraploid blastocysts, which proved the totipotency of iPS cells for the first time in the world, providing a technical platform for further research on the application of iPS technology in stem cells, developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. Since then, the institute has also taken the lead in establishing mammalian parthenogenetic and parthenogenetic haploid embryonic stem cell lines, and formed a technical system for screening and researching functional genes with international advantages; It is found that parthenogenetic haploid stem cells can replace sperm after genome imprinting modification, and a new method of "same-sex reproduction" is established.

In 2012, Guangzhou Institute of Biological Sciences used urine epithelial cells to induce the production of neural stem cells, which provided a new way for the treatment of neurological diseases.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Molecular Cell Science successfully used transdifferentiation technology to construct hepatocytes, developed a new type of bioartificial liver, treated and saved more than 10 patients with liver failure, and realized industrial transformation.

Since 2015, the Institute of Genetic Development has used nerve regeneration collagen scaffold combined with cell transplantation to treat spinal cord injury and achieved good results; From 2013 to 2018, the treatment of endometrial injury and premature ovarian failure with stem cells combined with collagen scaffold materials was successful, which is expected to become an effective treatment for female reproductive system diseases.

35. New drug creation

Shanghai Institute of Medicine innovatively developed salvianolic acid salt and its powder for injection, and obtained the new drug certificate and production approval in May 2005, which was rated as the most competitive drug in China pharmaceutical industry. Since it was put into production in 2006, the cumulative sales revenue has exceeded 20 billion yuan, benefiting more than 15 million patients, which has a demonstration role in the modernization of Chinese medicine in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013.

In 2009, it took more than 10 years for the institute to independently develop the first national first-class fluoroquinolones antibacterial drug with independent intellectual property rights in China — — Antofloxacin hydrochloride has significantly improved antibacterial activity and metabolic properties, breaking the situation that China has long relied on generic drugs.

After more than 20 years’ efforts, on July 17, 2018, the third phase clinical trial of mannose oligosaccharide diacid (GV-971) jointly developed by the Institute was completed, and the curative effect was obvious, marking a major breakthrough in the new drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease with independent intellectual property rights in China. GV-971′ s novel mode of action and unique multi-target action characteristics have subverted the traditional understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease in the world medical community and opened up a new path for drug research and development of Alzheimer’s disease.

In 1986, Chengdu Institute of Biology developed "Di ‘ao Xinxuekang", a pure Chinese medicine preparation for preventing and treating coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. In 1988, it was listed as a national new drug. Based on this achievement, Chengdu Di ‘ao Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., founded by Chinese Academy of Sciences, is one of the first national top 100 high-tech enterprises. On March 14th, 2012, "Di ‘ao Xinxuekang" capsule was listed in the Netherlands, becoming the first therapeutic drug with independent intellectual property rights registered and listed in the European Union.

In 2014, Shanghai Organic Institute developed the tumor immune targeting small molecule inhibitor (IDO) "indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase", which can be used to treat prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer and other tumor diseases. In September 2017, the license was transferred to local biopharmaceutical enterprises for US$ 457 million.

36. Research on distant hybridization and molecular breeding.

After more than 50 years of unremitting efforts, the Institute of Genetic Development has cultivated a new wheat variety "Xiaoyan" series of distant hybridization between wheat and thinopyrum, which has opened up a new way for wheat chromosome engineering breeding. Xiaoyan 6 is not only popularized in a large area and for a long time, but also one of the most important backbone parents of wheat breeding in China, and has derived more than 80 high-yield and high-quality wheat varieties. In 2006, the Institute passed the national examination and approval of the wheat variety "Conon of Samos 199" and became one of the main varieties planted in Huanghuai wheat area.

After more than ten years of tackling key problems, the Institute has comprehensively applied genomics, computational biology, systematic biology and synthetic biology to create a systematic solution and new breeding technology for the new generation of rice super varieties. The molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance, heterosis, broad-spectrum disease resistance and yield balance of rice were deeply analyzed in theory. New rice modular varieties, such as "Zhongke 804", "Zhongke 902" and "Jiayou Zhongke" series, which are suitable for different ecological areas such as the northeast rice region and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, have been cultivated, and the synergistic improvement of rice quality, high yield and multi-resistance has been realized. This achievement marks the initial establishment of a new system of molecular module breeding technology in China, which leads the world in the research of modern breeding theory and the cultivation of a new generation of design varieties. It is the third major breakthrough after the "green revolution" in agriculture and hybrid rice. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013 and the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2017.

37. Research and demonstration of marine ecological pasture.

In view of the serious decline of China’s offshore fishery resources and the serious deterioration of marine ecological environment, the Institute of Oceanography put forward an innovative idea of "marine agriculture and animal husbandry" in the offshore waters from the 1970s, and conducted experiments and demonstrations in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province and Daya Bay, Guangdong Province, focusing on the dominant aquatic economic types such as fish, prawns, sea cucumbers, shellfish and algae, developing high-quality new germplasm creation and healthy aquaculture technology research and development, and establishing bay-type and island-reef-type that can be replicated and popularized. Among them, "Introduction, Breeding, Breeding Research and Application of Bay Scallop" won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990.

On this basis, the Institute continued to innovate key technologies and facilities for the construction of marine ecological environment, formulated standards for the construction of marine ecological pasture, and realized the development of marine ecological environment from local restoration to system construction, biological resources from production restoration to ecological restoration, and resources and environment from single monitoring and evaluation to comprehensive early warning and forecasting. In 2015-2017, five demonstration areas of marine ecological pasture were built in Dalian, Tangshan, Yantai and Rizhao, with an application demonstration area of 456,000 mu. The ecological environment was significantly improved, and the ecosystem became more stable. Most of the core areas maintained the first-class water quality, the economic biological species increased by 29%-46%, the resources increased by more than 2 times, and the average annual income of fishermen increased from 50,000 yuan to 110,000 yuan.

38. Disaster relief through science and technology

For a long time, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been adhering to the concept of innovation for the people and serving the country with science and technology, actively exerting the advantages of science and technology and talents, developing remote sensing monitoring and prevention technologies for natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudslides, droughts, sandstorms, fires and red tides, putting forward a series of theories and methods for disaster prevention and mitigation, and developing a number of high-end equipment urgently needed for disaster relief, which has played an important role in supporting science and technology, providing scientific and timely think tank support for major national and regional disaster prevention and relief decisions, and safeguarding the people.

In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, the 2010 Yushu earthquake in Qinghai and the Zhouqu mudslide disaster in Gansu, the 2013 Ya ‘an earthquake in Sichuan, and the 2014 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan, more than 20 units including Remote Sensing Earth Institute, Chengdu Mountain Institute, Geographical Resources Institute, Shanghai Microsystems Institute and Psychology Institute, Using the advantages of scientific and technological accumulation and technical talents in satellite and aerial remote sensing monitoring technology, disaster monitoring equipment such as unmanned aerial vehicles, emergency energy, wireless emergency communication equipment, search and rescue robots, geographic information data and demonstration systems, disease prevention and epidemic prevention, low-cost medical care, emergency drinking water equipment, psychological assistance, and evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity, it has provided important technical support and decision-making consulting services in emergency relief, disaster investigation, secondary disaster prevention, post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.

39. China Ecosystem Research Network.

Since 1988, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has integrated the field observation and research stations of relevant research institutes and established the China Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), aiming at studying the changing laws of the structure and function, process and pattern of China’s ecosystems through long-term monitoring and experiments in different regions and different types of ecosystems in China, combining remote sensing and model simulation, carrying out optimal management and demonstration of ecosystems, improving the research level of ecology and related disciplines in China, and making contributions to China’s ecological and environmental protection, rational utilization of resources and national sustainable development.

After 30 years of construction and development, CERN has become a national science and technology platform integrating ecosystem dynamic monitoring, scientific research, technical demonstration, scientific consultation and popular science education, including 44 ecological stations, 5 sub-centers of disciplines and a comprehensive research center. It has accumulated a large amount of monitoring and experimental data and achieved a series of research results, which has promoted scientific and technological progress and ecological civilization construction in China’s ecological environment field. Won the first prize of 2012 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station, founded in 1955, is the earliest field long-term comprehensive observation research station established by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Based on a large number of monitoring and tests, a railway protection system model of "solid-oriented, solid-resistance combined" in sandy area was put forward, which ensured the construction and smooth operation of baotou-lanzhou railway crossing mobile sand dunes and was widely popularized. "The establishment of railway sand control protection system in Shapotou section of Baolan line" won the special prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988. Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station joined CERN in 1992 and became the national field scientific observation research station in 2006.

40. Study on regional spatial development and functional zoning

Since the mid-20th century, the Institute of Geography and Nanjing Institute of Geography have presided over the comprehensive agricultural regionalization in China. In 1981, the first comprehensive agricultural regionalization in China was compiled, which comprehensively and systematically discussed the characteristics of agricultural resources, production status and agricultural regionalization scheme in China for the first time, providing an important scientific basis for the macro-decision of agricultural production structure and layout in China, and laying a theoretical and practical foundation for the follow-up agricultural regionalization in China. Won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985.

In 1984, the Institute of Geographical Resources put forward the "point-axis system" theory of China’s socio-economic spatial organization and the "T-shaped" spatial framework of land development and economic layout, which scientifically reflected the spatial combination framework of China’s economic development potential and was written into the national land planning outline in 1987. Since then, the Institute has established the theory of regional function and the technical specification of main function zoning, researched and compiled the first national main function zoning plan in China, which was incorporated into the national planning and upgraded to the national strategy and basic system, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. In 2015, the Institute used the series of research methods and early warning models to diagnose the state of regional sustainable development in China for the first time. The above achievements play an important role in promoting the modernization of China’s land space governance system and governance capacity and promoting the construction of ecological civilization.

　　After the emperor, the tree is beautiful, and the orange is attractive.

　　I was ordered not to move, and I was born in the south.

　　Deep-rooted and difficult to migrate, more determined.

　　These poems are from Qu Yuan’s early work Ode to an Orange, which can be described as a portrayal of Qu Yuan’s patriotic feelings throughout his life.

　　On the 23rd day of the first month of the summer calendar in 353 BC, a baby came into the world. Qu Yuan was born on the day of Yinyue Yinnian, and the ancients thought that the gathering of three Yin was the best time. Qu Yuan’s birth also brought infinite hope to the Qu family.

　　According to historical records, the ancestors of Chu began with Xiong’s surname. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong’s son was given a title of "Qu" because of his merits, and his descendants took the title of "Qu" as their surname. Qu Yuan is a descendant of Qu Xia. For more than 300 years, the Qujia family has been the oldest and most prominent Wang clan in Chu, and has held important positions in Chu for generations, dominating the military, political, diplomatic and educational powers. However, when Qu Yuan was born, the Qu family had been declining.

　　Born into a noble family, Qu Yuan naturally entered the authority of Chu State when he grew up. First, he served as a doctor in San Lv, managing the genealogy of the royal clan. In his twenties, he became a disciple of Chu Huaiwang, discussing state affairs with the King of Chu at home, issuing orders, receiving guests abroad and dealing with princes. The king of Chu trusted Qu Yuan very much, and asked him to draft laws and regulations, and also asked him to send a mission to Qi State to unite against Qin. Sima Qian’s Historical Records commented that Qu Yuan was "knowledgeable and ambitious" and "skillful in rhetoric".

　　At that time, the Qin State in the west was the most powerful and often attacked the six countries. Su Qin, a famous scholar, put forward an alliance, that is, to unite the six countries to fight against Qin. Qu Yuan took an active part in this matter, and together with Su Qin, he helped the kings of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei gather together in the capital of Chu, forming an alliance, and made Huai Wang the leader of the alliance. Therefore, Qu Yuan was highly valued by King Huai, and many internal and foreign affairs of Chu were decided by Qu Yuan.

　　In order to realize the great cause of rejuvenating the State of Chu, Qu Yuan actively assisted Huai Wang in reforming his country, rewarding farming, promoting talents, fighting against seclusion, banning cronies, clearly rewarding and punishing, and changing customs. However, these practices of Qu Yuan touched the interests of nobles and bureaucrats. A group of nobles headed by Zi Lan, the son of Chu State, often spoke ill of Qu Yuan in front of Huai Wang. There were more people who provoked each other, and King Huai gradually alienated Qu Yuan.

　　The State of Qin has always been eyeing the State of Chu, only because of the alliance of Qi and Chu, the State of Qin did not dare to start work. Zhang Yi, the prime minister of Qin, wanted to take advantage of the internal discord in Chu to personally break up the six-nation alliance.

　　Zhang Yi first bought Jin Shang, Zi Lan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with a large sum of money, and deceived the king of Chu, saying, "If Chu can break up with Qi, Qin is willing to give more than 600 miles of land in the area." Qu yuan tried his best to persuade, but the king of Chu wouldn’t listen.

　　Chu Huaiwang broke off the alliance with Qi, and sent people to the land of Qin with Yi Chang. After returning to Qin, Zhang Yi pretended to be ill and didn’t see the envoy of Chu for three months. King Huai thought that Zhang Yi blamed him for not being determined enough to sever ties with Qi, and sent someone to insult Qi. The king of Qi was furious and broke off the union with Chu. Instead, he joined forces with Qin. At this time, Zhang Yicai came out to the Chu envoy and said, "Why don’t you accept the land? From a certain place to a certain place, it is six miles wide. "

　　Six hundred Li became six Li, and the Chu envoy was very angry. When he came back to report to Chu Huaiwang, he was furious with the king and attacked Qin twice. As a result, he was defeated by Qin and lost 80,000 troops. More than 70 people, including General Qu Gai and General Bi, were captured by Qin Jun, and Hanzhong County fell, which is known as the "Battle of Danyang" in history. Subsequently, Qin sent troops to capture 600 Li of Hanzhong (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) in Chu, and set it in Hanzhong County.

　　Only then did Chu Huaiwang realize the importance of the Qi-Chu alliance, so he sent Qu Yuan to the State of Qi, trying to mend fences. Qin was afraid of the resumption of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. In order to ease the relationship, he offered to return half of the land in Hanzhong for peace. Chu Huaiwang hated Yi Cheung, and proposed not to Hanzhong, but Yi Cheung’s head. King Hui of Qin did not agree, but Zhang Yi said with confidence, "I, Zhang Yi alone, can reach the land in Hanzhong, and I am willing to go to Chu."

　　After Zhang Yi went to Chu, he bribed people like Zheng Xiu and Jin Shang, and made some sweet words in front of Chu Huaiwang. Chu Huaiwang actually released Yi Cheung again, and forged an in-laws relationship with the king of Qin. When Qu Yuan brought Qi back, it showed the interest. Huai Wang wanted to get back Zhang Yi, and Zhang Yi had already gone without a trace.

　　In the twenty-fourth year of Chu Huaiwang, Chu went to Qin to meet the bride. In the second year, King Huai and King Qin met in Huangji (now northeast of Xinye County, Henan Province) and accepted the land of Shang Yong returned by Qin (now Zhushan County, Hubei Province). Qu Yuan tried his best to oppose it, but he was exiled.

　　After thirty years of Huai Wang, Qu Yuan returned to the capital of Chu. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with Wang Wuguan to meet. Chu Huaiwang received a letter from King Zhao Xiang of Qin, and refused to go for fear of offending the State of Qin. Go, but be afraid of danger. He consulted with the ministers.

　　Qu Yuan said to Chu Huaiwang, "The State of Qin is as violent as a jackal. We have been bullied by the State of Qin more than once. When the king goes, he will fall into their trap. "

　　However, Zi Lan, the son, kept urging Chu Huaiwang to go: "We regarded Qin as the enemy, and as a result, many people died and lost their land. Now that Qin is willing to make up with us, how can we refuse others? "

　　Chu Huaiwang listened to Childe Zilan and went to the State of Qin. Unexpectedly, this trip never came back.

　　Chu Huaiwang just stepped into the Wu Pass of Qin State, and was immediately cut off by the troops ambushed by Qin State in advance. King Zhao Xiang of Qin forced Chu Huaiwang to cede the land in central Guizhou to Qin, but Chu Huaiwang did not agree. King Qin Zhaoxiang took Chu Huaiwang to Xianyang and put him under house arrest, asking the minister of Chu to redeem the land before releasing him.

　　When the ministers of Chu heard that the monarch was detained, they made the prince the new monarch and refused to cede the land. This monarch is King Xiang of Chu Qing. Zi Lan, a son, became the commander of Chu. Chu Huaiwang later died in the state of Qin even though he was ill with gas.

　　After Chu Huaiwang’s death, Qu Yuan advised King Xiang of Chu to collect talents, stay away from villains, encourage soldiers and soldiers, practice military forces, and avenge the country and Huai Wang.

　　However, his advice attracted the hatred of Yin Zilan and Jin Shang, who often framed Qu Yuan in front of King Xiang of Chu. I heard this kind of slanderous talk too much. King Chu Qingxiang dismissed Qu Yuan and exiled him to southern Hunan.

　　Qu Yuan held the ambition of enriching the country and strengthening the people, but was pushed out by treacherous court officials. After he arrived in southern Hunan, he often walked along the Miluo River and sang sad poems.

　　One day, Qu Yuan met a fisherman by the river. The fisherman said to Qu Yuan, "Aren’t you a doctor of the State of Chu? How did you get to this point? "

　　Qu yuan said: "many people are dirty, only I am clean;" Many people are drunk, but only I am still awake. So I was driven here. "

　　The fisherman said disapprovingly, "since you think everyone else is dirty, you shouldn’t flatter yourself;" Since everyone else is drunk, why should you wake up alone! "

　　Qu Yuan objected, "I heard that people always clean their hats after washing their heads, and people who just take a shower always like to dust their clothes. I would rather jump into the river and be buried in the belly of a fish than jump into the mud with my clean body and get dirty. " On the fifth day of May in 278 BC, Qu Yuan finally jumped into the Miluo River with a big stone in his arms and committed suicide.

　　The farmers nearby rowed boats to save Qu Yuan. But there is a flood in Wang Yang, where there is the shadow of Qu Yuan. People were very upset. Facing the river, they scattered the rice in the bamboo tube as a gift to Qu Yuan.

　　On the fifth day of May of the following year, the local people rowed a boat and put rice in the bamboo tube to sacrifice to Qu Yuan. Later, they changed the bamboo tube with rice into zongzi and rowed the boat into a dragon boat. This activity in memory of Qu Yuan has gradually become a custom.

　　CCTV News:Nowadays, we are used to getting information on the Internet. However, 80 PM2.5 particles can block an alveolus; Compared with a "scissors hand", you can reveal fingerprints; Energy-saving lamps are actually super cancer sources … … These distorted information flooding the network makes it difficult to distinguish between true and false. The following is the media inventoryTop ten rumors in 2017,Let’s clarify the facts and restore the truth together!

　　01. Can PM2.5 block alveoli?

　　In January this year, a 150-second video of smog invading the human body was breathtaking. According to the video, people have 300 million alveoli, and 80 PM2.5 particles can block one alveoli. When the PM2.5 in our living environment reaches 1155 μ g/m3, 30 million alveoli can be blocked in one year, and one third of the lungs can be blocked in three years.

　　Truth: lack of evidence, exaggeration

　　Wan Jun, deputy director of the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, said that the harm of smog particles to human body is not to mechanically "block" alveoli, but to adhere to the surfaces of alveoli and small airways, thus inducing inflammation, affecting gas exchange or secondary other lesions.

　　Accurate measurement of 80 PM2.5 particles blocking an alveolus,At present, there is no clear medical literature support at home and abroad.

　　The higher the concentration of PM2.5, the greater the harm to human body, but because it involves long-term and large-scale crowd experiments,There is no accurate data on the specific magnitude and the specific harm to the human body.

　　02, saliva can measure the child’s talent?

　　In February of this year, many people’s circle of friends was screened by such a message: a mouthful of saliva can measure the child’s talent, so that parents can develop the child’s talent and potential in a targeted manner.

　　Truth: Genetic testing can’t predict specialties.

　　Although it is feasible to detect genes with saliva, there is no scientific basis for detecting whether children are gifted with saliva.

　　The press officer of the World Health Organization who is in charge of media liaison on "Children’s and Adolescents’ Health" said that so far, it has not been heard that genetic testing can predict whether a child has talents such as music and painting.

　　Ma Yinan, Associate Research Fellow of Peking University Hospital Experimental Center:At present, gene technology and application direction are more focused onThe relationship between diseases and genes. The growth of children is the result of the joint action of genes and environment, and the role of environment is even greater.

　　03. "Scissorhands" took photos and leaked fingerprints?

　　At the end of February this year, the internet was widely circulated, and researchers warned that people like to be more cautious than the "scissorhands" when taking pictures, and fingerprint information may be leaked because of this gesture.

　　Truth: The technology is feasible, but it is difficult to realize.

　　A senior fingerprint expert from the Ministry of Public Security did an experiment. He took two photos of his colleague’s "Scissorhands" with his mobile phone and Canon camera respectively, and retouched the picture with his computer. The results show that it is impossible to obtain fingerprints from such photos, but it is possible if the fingerprint texture of the photos is particularly clear.

　　Network security expert Liu Yang:At present, it is difficult to take a clear picture of finger texture in the shooting distance (more than 1 meter) by using mobile phone photography technology. Network communication will compress the picture, reduce the clarity of the picture, cause the loss of photo details, and the possibility of revealing fingerprint information is low.

　　04. Will spring tea farmers be poisoned by excessive residues?

　　Before and after Qingming this year, an article about tea "Ying Jing" exploded in the circle of friends. The article points out that spring tea contains excessive pesticide residues, and it will be poisoned when drunk. Tea in summer and autumn is even more terrible, and even tea farmers don’t drink it themselves.

　　Truth: No pesticides are used during the production of spring tea.

　　Academician Chen Zongmao of Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences:In many tea areas in China, the temperature is low during the production of spring tea, which is very little affected by pests and diseases, and basically no medicine is used. From mid-to-late June to September, pesticides will be used only when the temperature rises, rainfall is abundant, and tea pests and diseases are concentrated. It is a normal agricultural measure to use pesticides in tea gardens. As long as the tea leaves are picked according to the regulations, the processed tea products are safe.

　　05. Can brain tonic enhance memory?

　　In June this year, during the college entrance examination, the health care products that nourish and strengthen the brain will always sell well. Merchants claim that these health care products can improve attention and enhance memory.

　　Truth: It does not promote brain function.

　　Yi Zhu, Associate Professor, School of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University:The human brain is fully developed at the age of 3, and it is difficult to produce obvious effects of promoting development after using any products. Brain tonic products can provide nutrition at most, keep the brain functioning normally, and can’t promote brain development. If the intake of any nutrient exceeds the maximum intake tolerated by the human body, the possibility of its toxic and side effects will increase.

　　The Food and Drug Administration also issued a document saying that China has never approved any health food with brain-nourishing health care function, claiming that health food with brain-nourishing function misleads consumers.

　　06, enzyme can "beauty" and "detoxification"?

　　This summer, various enzymes appeared in Wechat business’s advertisements in the circle of friends, which claimed to have the effects of "beautifying face", "detoxifying body" and "losing weight".

　　Truth: Enzymes are enzymes, and it is difficult to maintain activity by oral administration.

　　Fan Zhihong, an associate professor at China Agricultural University, said that enzymes are enzymes. Enzymes are protein or RNA with catalytic function (most enzymes belong to protein). When you take enzymes orally, most enzymes will be digested by the human digestive system and lose their activity and can’t function. It is meaningless to say that enzymes can detoxify and clear the stool.

　　07. Can you lose weight by drinking diet coke?

　　In August this year, Coca-Cola Japan Company introduced a cola that claimed to be able to lose weight, and claimed that "indigestible maltodextrin" was added to this cola to inhibit fat absorption and stabilize blood lipids without generating more calories.

　　Truth: 5 grams of dietary fiber can’t pry fat.

　　Zuo Xiaoxia, director of the Nutrition Department of the 309th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, said that in theory, there is still innovation and progress in the composition of diet coke. The average daily intake of dietary fiber for normal adults is suggested to be 25 to 30 grams, and 5 grams of dietary fiber in a bottle of diet coke can only be used as a supplementary dose of daily dietary fiber. The key to losing weight still depends on whether people consume less calories every day.

　　08, eat more fat, low mortality?

　　In September this year, some media reported on "The Lancet PURE Research Impact Diet Guide", and put forward the paper published in The Lancet: Eat more fat, and the mortality rate is low; Take more carbohydrates and increase the risk of death.

　　Truth: Don’t be misled by the limitations of the research itself.

　　Hu Dayi, director of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Capital Medical University, said that these articles were one-sided and absolute, and did not analyze the obvious limitations of the research itself at all, which unrealistically exaggerated the research results.

　　The data sample of this paper comes from 135,000 respondents from 18 countries in the Middle East, South America, Africa and Southeast Asia (including China), and has been followed for 7.4 years. 81% of the respondents only have primary and secondary school education; 82% of the respondents are moderate and heavy manual workers, and few of them are involved in the richest areas in the world.

　　Xu Shiwei, member of the National Food and Nutrition Advisory Committee:To guide the dietary rules specifically, it is the key to find the most suitable one among the rich dietary structures.

　　09. Is fingertip gyro a decompression artifact?

　　In November this year, the fingertip gyro, which is popular all over the world, caught fire in the universe — — It was sent to the hands of the astronauts of the International Space Station and completed the first rotation in space. Merchants claim that it can help people release stress, relieve anxiety and help children with ADHD and autism concentrate.

　　Truth: Treating anxiety only treats the symptoms, not the root cause.

　　Professor Gao Bing, deputy dean of the School of Education of Minzu University of China, said that there is no evidence that fingertip gyroscopes can bring people concentration and stress relief.

　　Fingertip gyro is easy to attract people’s attention to the gyro itself, and it can’t make a person with poor attention become able to concentrate on everything. As for reducing the pressure, it also means that people can temporarily reduce the pressure by shifting their attention during the process of observing the rotation of the gyro, which does not mean that playing with the fingertip gyro can reduce the pressure generated at other times. Gao Bing believes that fingertip gyro can’t make people pay more attention. On the contrary, it will take up cognitive resources and have a bad influence on complex cognitive activities.

　　10. Energy-saving lamps are "super cancer sources"?

　　In December of this year, an article entitled "Emergency Exposure of Scientists! The article "Things that Chinese people use every day actually contain horrible carcinogens" has been widely forwarded. The article points out that ultraviolet radiation of energy-saving lamps can lead to skin cancer, and mercury in energy-saving lamps can cause death, which will release a variety of carcinogens after being electrified.

　　Truth: Qualified products will not endanger health.

　　Zhou Taiming, a consultant to the Expert Working Committee of China Lighting Society and a professor at Fudan University, said that as long as it is a qualified energy-saving lamp, it will control the ultraviolet radiation within a safe range and will not cause harm to the human body. The ultraviolet power of the 15-watt energy-saving lamp is only 0.09 watt, and the long-wave ultraviolet rays in the energy-saving lamp will not penetrate the dermis of the human body.

　　Li Zili, director of the lighting room of Guangdong Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, pointed out that there are only a few milligrams of mercury in an energy-saving lamp, and it is sealed in the lamp. Even if the lamp is broken, hundreds of lamps will be broken at the same time, and all of them will be inhaled by one person, which may cause harm to people, but in reality, the probability of such a thing is extremely low.

1905 movie network news The Oscar-winning film The Farewell will be released nationwide on November 22nd. The film won the "Audience’s Favorite Film" award as soon as it appeared at Sundance Film Festival at the beginning of this year. This "2019 North American Dark Horse of the Year" has been officially opened for pre-sale on major ticketing platforms and will be shown nationwide this week (November 16 and November 17).

Today (November 13th), the film released a set of stills with the theme of "National Grandma". In the film, Teacher Zhao Shuzhen plays the role of grandma as the bond of the extended family. She is not only kind, loving life, but also very cute and funny. She is full of pouting and singing games, and the image of a lovely and amiable "National Grandma" is ready to come. This role is not only popular in Europe and America, but also shouted "This is my grandmother" by domestic audiences.

Zhao Shuzhen portrays the classic national grandmother. Audience: "This is my grandmother."

The movie The Farewell tells the story of a Chinese family who rounded up a lie with a wedding banquet in order to accompany her grandmother with cancer. Zhao Shuzhen, who plays grandma in the movie, is not only a grandmother in her life, but also creates many grandma images on the screen, such as Mrs. Wang in Do You Know? The grandmother she created in the film The Farewell is not only kind and kind, but also very cute and funny: whether playing games with her family at the dinner table or acting like a spoiled brat in front of Billie, the image of a lovely and amiable "national grandmother" is coming to the fore.

Many viewers who saw the film at the Shanghai Film Festival said: Grandma not only has the traditional simple and kind side of the old lady China, but also has the lovely and childlike side inadvertently revealed. After watching it, I remembered that my grandmother used to make me laugh when I was a child, and I wanted to say "This is my grandmother" in a trance. I believe that after the film is released, the screen image of this classic "national grandmother" will be more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

The film The Farewell has caused quite a stir among domestic movie fans since it was announced on November 22nd, and many viewers listed it as one of the annual must-see films.

National grandma is hot. European and American directors: authenticity is the source of audience love

The Farewell is the second feature film of Chinese director Wang Ziyi, which makes her one of the most noteworthy directors of Variety magazine in 2019. At the beginning of this year, once the film was unveiled at Sundance Film Festival, it won the "Audience’s Favorite Film" award and was nominated for the Best Drama in Sundance Jury Award, which was known as "2019 North America’s Dark Horse of the Year".

Not long ago, he was nominated for the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Film, Best Screenplay and Best Actress. In the film, the role of grandma played by teacher Zhao Shuzhen was well received in Europe and America. Many foreign audiences said: This grandma is so cute that I really want to have a grandmother with Billie.

The recognition of the role of grandma by audiences at home and abroad is inseparable from the shaping of the role by actors and the setting of the role by directors. When talking about actor selection and role-building, director Wang Ziyi said: "When I saw Teacher Zhao, I knew at once that she was that person. At the end of the shoot, she was a little reluctant to leave the role.

I think the audience likes this role because she is real. This is the same as my original intention of looking for authenticity. I try to select people who are very relevant to the roles they play. After discovering this, I really don’t need to do a lot of things. Ms Zhao Shuzhen, who plays grandma, is grandma herself. Awkwafina has a grandmother, China, who is really close. So, put them in a scene, and then obviously there will be’ this is my grandmother’ and’ this is my granddaughter’. "

The film The Farewell is directed by Wang Ziyi, starring Awkwafina, Zhao Shuzhen, Mattei and Lin Xiaojie, and will be released nationwide on November 22nd.

Author: Zhu Weimo

Academician of the National Academy of Kinesiology, tenured professor and doctoral supervisor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

He is good at the measurement and evaluation of exercise and health, the research and application of exercise prescription, the role of eastern and western exercise in health promotion and disease prevention, and the influence of sedentary on modern people’s health.

In 2017, he wrote and published the book Sedentary Behavior and Health: Concepts, Assessments, and Interventions.

Article source: Academician Zhu Weimo

China Clinical Nutrition Network has been authorized to reprint

The importance of exercise to health is being recognized by more and more middle-aged and elderly friends. The aunt’s square dance in full swing and the surging explosion are good evidence. However, with a little attention, it is not difficult to find that few people in these exercise groups are doing strength training. It can be said that neglecting strength training may be the biggest misunderstanding in physical fitness and health preservation for middle-aged and elderly people in China. So what is strength training? Why is strength training very important for the health of middle-aged and elderly people? How should middle-aged and elderly people carry out strength training? Today, this article introduces you in detail.

Muscle ABC

To understand the importance of strength training to the health of middle-aged and elderly people, we should start with skeletal muscle. The so-called skeletal muscle is what is usually called muscle or what people call "lean meat"; The human body has nearly 700 muscles.

The smallest functional unit of muscle is muscle fiber. Muscle fibers can be roughly divided into two categories: red muscle fibers and white muscle fibers. Red muscle fiber, also known as slow muscle fiber, is characterized by low strength but excellent endurance. On the contrary, white muscle fibers are also called fast muscle fibers. It is characterized by great strength and poor endurance. Therefore, it is not difficult to imagine that the percentage of red muscle fibers of world-class marathon athletes can reach 93%-99%, on the contrary, the white muscle fibers of high-level sprinters can reach 75%.

Each group of muscle fibers is connected and controlled by a motor neuron. During exercise, neurons discharge and their connected muscle fibers contract after a series of chemical reactions. Therefore, motor neurons and connected muscle fibers are collectively called Motor Unit. Muscle contraction is accomplished by the participation of thousands of sports units.

It is generally believed that the proportion of fast and slow muscles is determined by nature. The study of twins proves that the proportion of fast and slow muscles is basically unchanged from birth to adulthood, but as people get older, the number of fast muscle fibers gradually decreases, and the proportion of slow muscle fibers naturally increases. In addition to the types of muscle fibers, the other factors that determine muscle strength are the number and volume of muscle fibers. It is generally believed that the number of muscle fibers is also determined by nature.

The function of training is mainly on the surface/volume of muscle fibers. After a period of training, muscle fibers grow stronger and their strength naturally increases. On the contrary, if you don’t use muscles for a long time, the area of muscle fibers will shrink and the strength will naturally become smaller. Muscle fiber volume plays an important role in strength, but it is not the only factor. For example, women can increase their strength several times through strength training, but the muscle volume has hardly increased. The main reason for this increase in strength is the change of nerve regulation on muscle. Through training, the mobilization of sports units can be greatly "increased" in unit time, and more muscle fibers participate in the work, and the strength will naturally increase.

(Image from WeChat public platform public photo gallery)

Muscle, strength and health

Life lies in exercise. In the long human evolution, sports ability is one of the most basic abilities for human survival. Muscle is the "engine" of exercise. Strong muscles and the strength they bring are naturally the most basic guarantee for human survival and health. Studies show that healthy women’s muscles account for 23% of their weight, while men’s are more than 40%.

The latest research also has a further profound understanding of the relationship between muscle and health and disease:

Positive effects of muscle protein on systemic metabolism. For many body organs (such as brain, heart and liver), ensuring the stability of protein is the most basic condition for human survival. As early as 1960s, people have realized that muscle protein can be converted into blood amino acids to ensure the stability of other important organs when nutrition is deficient. Recent research on AIDS patients shows that the degree of muscle atrophy is directly related to their life span.

Muscles and diseases. Studies have also shown that muscles are directly related to many diseases. Take patients with heart failure and cancer as examples. Patients with these two diseases are characterized by rapid muscle atrophy. Moreover, the degree of atrophy has also been proved to be one of the important predictors of their survival.

Muscle and diabetes. An initial symptom of diabetes is that normal concentration of insulin has no effect on muscle to remove excess blood sugar, which is called "insulin resistance" in clinical medicine. New research shows that the precipitation of triglycerides in muscle is directly related to diabetes.

(Image from WeChat public platform public photo gallery)

Muscle and osteoporosis. As far as bone health is concerned, in addition to the gravity caused by body weight and exercise, the influence of muscle contraction on bones is particularly important. A large number of studies have proved that muscle volume is directly related to other bone health indicators such as bone mineral density.

Muscle and obesity. About 70% of the energy we consume is used to maintain life, which is called basal metabolism. Therefore, effectively improving basal metabolism is the most effective way to reduce obesity. Because skeletal muscle in the body is a big consumer of basal metabolism, it is particularly important to ensure the proportion of skeletal muscle in the body. The most effective way to maintain skeletal muscle through exercise is strength training. The role of strength training in weight loss is just a big misunderstanding of China people (perhaps including many professionals) in physical exercise.

Young women think they are here to lose weight, and strength training makes muscle blocks bigger and more ugly; Old people think that holding your breath often in strength training will put too much pressure on the heart load; "Professional" people think aerobic exercise is the best way to burn fat. In fact, these views are "outdated" or incorrect.

Because of estrogen, young women don’t practice "blocks" in general strength training. On the contrary, combining small and medium strength training with aerobic exercise is actually the best way to improve the percentage of muscles and thus the basal metabolic rate. On the contrary, weight loss/weight control only by diet control is difficult to adhere to, and it is easy to lead to "hidden" obesity (note: hidden obesity refers to the phenomenon that the weight seems normal, but the fat percentage is high; Height and body mass index can not accurately determine the percentage of fat to determine whether it is "hidden" obesity, and it needs to be determined by sebum forceps or electrical impedance method or dual-energy X-ray method).

Muscle and weight. Since the age of 30, people’s muscles begin to decline. If they don’t exercise, by the age of 50, their muscle volume has shrunk by 10%, and between the ages of 60 and 70, it has shrunk by about 15%. After the age of 80, it can shrink by as much as 30% every decade. On average, after the age of 40, muscle atrophy is about 5 kg every ten years, while fat increases about 10 kg in the same period. On the whole, unhealthy weight is equivalent to increasing about 15 kg every ten years! If you only rely on diet to adjust your weight, although it is helpful to "bad weight" (that is, fat), it is of little help to maintain "good weight" (that is, muscle). Why is muscle called "good weight"? This is because muscle can help the body clean up excess blood sugar, and the increase of muscle volume can help people improve their basal metabolic rate. With greater strength, people are willing to move and their aerobic skills are also improved.

The effect of strength on health is mainly manifested in the functions of daily life, such as getting up, going to the toilet, going out for a walk, taking grandchildren, climbing stairs, taking away jam jars and shopping in supermarkets. Sufficient strength is also very helpful to prevent accidental injuries. The prevention and treatment of lumbago by the muscle strength of the back, the prevention of knee injury by the muscle strength of the thigh, and the possible study of the whole leg strength on the fall of the elderly have all proved the positive role of strength in our health and life. The prevention and treatment of diseases by strength, such as diabetes, hypertension, falls, osteoporosis, arthritis, insomnia, fatigue and depression, have also been confirmed by a large number of studies.

Effect of aging on muscle strength and strength

Time and tide wait for no man. With the growth of age, people’s basic functions gradually decline, which is a natural law. The same is true for muscles and strength. Research shows (for example, Lexell et al., 1988) that human strength begins to decline after 40 years old. Between 50 and 70 years old, the annual decline is about 1% to 1.5%, and after 70 years old, it drops by about 3% every year.

A study of 70-year-old people in the United States shows that:

26% people have to have a rest while climbing a floor;

31% people can’t lift shopping weighing about 9 kilograms;

36% people have difficulty walking a few blocks;

So what is the main reason for the decline of the strength of the elderly? The answers are muscle atrophy, decreased fast muscle fibers, decreased function of muscle neurons and low blood supply to muscles:

Muscle atrophy. Muscle strength is directly related to muscle size. McArdle et al. (2001) research shows that every square centimeter of muscle can produce 16 to 30 Newton’s force, regardless of gender. Without strength training, muscles begin to decline after the age of 30, and the degree of atrophy can reach 20%-40% by the age of 60. Muscle quality also changes qualitatively with atrophy: in young adults, 70% of the muscles are muscle fibers, but in the elderly, the proportion is only 50% (see the comparison between young adults and the elderly).

Decreased fast muscle fibers. With the increase of age, fast muscle fibers gradually decrease. It is reported in some studies (for example, Singh et al., 1999) that the percentage of decline can reach 60%.

Decreased function of muscle neurons. According to the research (Rice, 2000), muscle neurons decline at a rate of 1% every year after 30 years old, and even faster after 60 years old. With fewer muscle neurons, the ability to mobilize a large number of muscle fibers and participate in work naturally declines.

Decreased muscle blood supply function. With the increase of age, the ability of blood supply and oxygen supply of muscle capillaries decreases in the elderly, especially those who are sedentary. "Malnourished" muscle fibers naturally cannot achieve their due functions when working.

Sunset, infinite beauty, only close to the dusk. In the face of declining physical condition, many elderly friends often just sigh. A few people spend a lot of money to find a "panacea" or a "pill for growing old" also ended in failure. In fact, the best way to resist muscle aging is strength training.

Note: Some pictures in this article come from the Internet.

Preview: The next issue will tell you about how the elderly practice their strength!

Editorial Department of China Clinical Nutrition Network

Read the original text

Tang Youzhi and the Guangdong post-school students Lu Yubo (first from the right), Yang Zhimin (first from the left) and disciple Ou Yang (second from the left) who came to Beijing to ask questions.

In 1975, when Chinese people saw Mao Zedong in a news documentary, they didn’t know that Chairman Mao was basically blind because of cataract. It was he who used the golden needle to remove obstacles and let Chairman Mao’s left eye see the light again.

Tang Youzhi, the 87-year-old honorary president of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and a master of traditional Chinese medicine, is still making house calls. He is a master of traditional Chinese medicine ophthalmology in China, excavating and promoting the ancient Chinese medicine ophthalmology "Needle Obstacle Removal", inventing "Cataract Needle Pulling Out" and establishing a modern Chinese medicine ophthalmology hospital. He has treated eye diseases for President Kim Il Sung of North Korea, President Penm Nouth of Cambodia and President Wahid of Indonesia, and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.

When interviewed in Beijing recently, Tang Lao was personable, with a straight suit and a kind smile. Speaking of the unforgettable legendary experience more than 30 years ago, he is still vivid.

Inquirer

◎ Lv Yubo (Honorary Dean of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, President of Guangdong Provincial Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine)

◎ Yang Zhimin (Vice President of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine)

◎ Ou Yang (an ophthalmologist of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and a disciple of Tang You)

The way to success

The first batch of "Middle School West" produced two masters of traditional Chinese medicine in a dormitory.

Lv Yubo: Tang Lao, when it comes to ophthalmology, especially ophthalmic surgery, people often think that it is a matter of western medicine and has nothing to do with Chinese medicine. However, you can use modern medical diagnosis and treatment technology to develop ophthalmology of traditional Chinese medicine and build a special hospital. What is your secret?

Tang Youzhi: All modern diagnosis and treatment technologies are the achievements of human natural science and should be shared by all kinds of medicine. In order to develop Chinese medicine, it should be combined with modern science and technology and reformed and innovated, so as to continue to benefit mankind.

I was born in Hangzhou in 1926. I studied painting with my eldest brother, who was a painter, since I was a child, and then I came to Wuxi National Studies Museum, Shanghai Branch, specializing in classical literature. In 1942, he was introduced by his eldest brother friend, monk Shi Piao, and met Mr. Lu Nanshan, a famous doctor of ophthalmology in Shanghai. He saw with his own eyes that Mr. Lu treated patients, which made a difference. I made up my mind to worship him as a teacher. He is open-minded and does not exclude western medicine. He is an advocate of innovation in ophthalmology of traditional Chinese medicine. He is the first to use modern scientific instruments such as ophthalmoscope, slit lamp and microscope for examination and diagnosis in China. Later he married his daughter Livzon to me.

In the process of studying medicine, I want to know more about how various tissues and systems get sick and how good they are, so I thought of studying modern medicine. In 1952, I applied for the Beijing Medical College, and studied western medicine systematically for five years. I was the first batch of Chinese medicine doctors who were "learning from the west" in China. Lu Guangshen and I are college roommates. In 2009, we were awarded the first "Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine" in China. Everyone said that it is really rare for you to have two masters in one dormitory.

　　In Zhejiang, the "Commissioner for Common Wealth" went to the village to join the society and preached financial knowledge and policies to remote villages; In Yunnan, the staff of financial institutions explain financial knowledge according to the needs of some elderly people; In Gansu, lively performances such as sitcoms and chorus of songs show all kinds of financial fraud prevention measures and guide consumers to raise their awareness of self-prevention & HELIP; …

　　During the month of financial knowledge popularization in September, a variety of financial education activities were carried out in various places to help consumers and investors learn basic financial knowledge, prevent illegal financial activities and better share the fruits of financial reform and development.

　　Improve the pertinence of financial knowledge popularization

　　This year is the fourth year that the People’s Bank of China, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and the National Network Information Office jointly launched the month of financial knowledge popularization. Compared with previous years, this year’s activities not only enhance the joint efforts of publicity and education, but also enrich the content and focus.

　　Yu Wenjian, director of the Financial Consumer Rights Protection Bureau of the People’s Bank of China, introduced that the propaganda covers all aspects such as financial knowledge needed by consumers for production and life, advocating scientific financial management and reasonable lending, and providing professional and convenient investor education services. At the same time, it focuses on key groups and hot issues, and is close to the needs of the public to carry out educational activities. For example, the People’s Bank of China focuses on risk warning against illegal deposit and withdrawal, financial fraud in the field of pension, telecom fraud, illegal agency rights protection and other acts that infringe on consumers’ rights and interests and endanger financial stability and security.

　　China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission made great efforts to improve the pertinence of financial knowledge popularization. "We focus on key people and focus on ‘ One old and one young ’ And new citizens will carry out financial knowledge publicity and education at different levels to make up for the shortcomings of consumers’ financial knowledge. " Wang Yi, director of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission Consumer Protection Bureau, said. For the elderly, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission has designed a tracking research project on the financial literacy of the elderly, and cooperated with communities, universities for the elderly and welfare homes for the elderly. For college students, organize financial institutions, media and public welfare organizations to provide "vivid, lively and effective" financial education to college students, and continuously improve the cooperative education mechanism of schools, families and society; For groups in remote rural areas, more attention is paid to popularizing financial knowledge by grounding gas, and volunteers are organized to go to the fields to carry out publicity and education.

　　In recent years, the reform of stock issuance registration system has been widely concerned by investors. Under the registration system, investors have more investment channels and choices, and need to have stronger professional investment ability and risk identification ability. Therefore, the CSRC has carried out a number of investor education activities around this focus. Lin Lixia, deputy director of the Investor Protection Bureau of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, introduced that the CSRC carried out the activity of "reading the reports of listed companies" to guide investors to read and understand information disclosure documents and enhance their value judgment ability.

　　Comprehensively protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

　　To better meet the people’s growing demand for financial services, the form of financial education activities should also be more suitable for consumers’ information acquisition habits.

　　Pay attention to the advantages of digital means and online education. In this activity, the National Network Information Office made full use of digital information technology to plan and launch multimedia products such as diagrams, short videos and H5 animations, so as to drive the majority of netizens to learn and understand finance and enhance their awareness of network security, risk prevention and network protection skills. China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission has further developed the "risk warning", which is an important starting point of consumer education and protection, and used the official website of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and the official WeChat platform to build the people’s financial security defense line in a language that people can understand and listen to.

　　Further smooth the channels for reflecting consumer demands. In the first half of this year, the 12378 bank insurance consumer complaint hotline received 1.28 million calls from consumers, with a connection rate of 90.79% and a satisfaction rate of 99.22%. The People’s Bank of China has issued a total of 329 letters of supervision and supervision, and comprehensively used interviews, supervision, supervision and notification to guide the handling of complaints from 69 banking and insurance institutions. Recently, the CSRC has optimized and upgraded the 12386 hotline for serving investors, and accepted four types of complaints, reports, consultations and suggestions from investors.

　　With the strengthening of financial knowledge publicity and education, the level of Chinese consumers’ financial literacy has steadily improved, and the index of consumers’ financial literacy has increased from 63.71 in 2017 and 64.77 in 2019 to 66.81 in 2021, which has been at the upper-middle level internationally.

　　[car home Market Analysis] Hello, everyone, it’s time to publish the market survey information every Saturday. This week, the target of our market analysis is six medium and large MPV models, most of which focus on business reception or IKEA business, so solid gas field and spacious and comfortable space are the development priorities of various brands. The six cars selected this time are Buick GL8, Chuanqi M8, Kia Jiahua, Roewe iMAX8, SAIC Chase MAXUS G20 and Weiran. Are there any cash preferential policies for the above six cars in the near future? What is the price reduction? Let’s find out for everyone today.Note: The price reduction information released this time comes from the quotations of dealers in different regions of the country. Even the prices of the same model in different regions will be different. The data are for reference only..

> > Want to know which model has the most severe price reduction? Click to enter the car home price list < <

● The new car purchase policy was introduced in 2022, and the purchase tax will be halved for passenger cars with a displacement of less than 2.0 liters within 300,000 yuan!

　　On May 31st, the State Council issued the Notice on Printing and Distributing a Package of Policies and Measures to Stabilize the Economy. The "Notice" clarifies that all departments should closely coordinate and cooperate to form a joint effort. According to the 33 specific policies and measures in six aspects and the division of labor proposed in the "Policy Measures to Stabilize the Economy", the work of this sector in this field should be redeployed and then promoted. If it is necessary to introduce supporting implementation rules, it should be completed before the end of May.

　　In order to promote automobile consumption and support the development of automobile industry, based on the above requirements, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Commerce have made detailed policy interpretations on issues such as reducing vehicle purchase tax, going to the countryside for automobiles and expanding the circulation of used cars.

　　The original text of the notice is as follows:

　　1. For passenger cars with a displacement of 2.0 liters or less whose purchase date is from June 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 and the bicycle price (excluding VAT) does not exceed 300,000 yuan, the vehicle purchase tax will be levied by half.

　　2. Passenger cars as mentioned in this Announcement refer to cars with no more than 9 seats, including the driver’s seat, which are mainly used to carry passengers and their carry-on luggage and/or temporary articles in terms of design, manufacture and technical characteristics.

　　Three, the bicycle price mentioned in this announcement, the vehicle purchase tax taxable vehicles in taxable value shall prevail.

　　Four, the date of purchase of passenger cars is determined according to the date of issuance of valid documents such as the unified invoice for motor vehicle sales or the special customs tariff payment book.

　　Five, passenger car displacement, the number of seats, according to the "People’s Republic of China (PRC) motor vehicle factory certificate" electronic information or imported motor vehicles "vehicle electronic information sheet" electronic information contained in the displacement, the number of rated passengers (people) to determine.

● SAIC-GM Buick GL8

There is no public preferential information, but some models (mainly land business class series) can enjoy the purchase tax halving policy.

　　Buick GL8 has long been a benchmark product in the field of business travel. Whether it is a political and business elite or a well-known artist, Buick GL8 always follows when traveling. It is precisely because of the huge travel demand that Buick GL8, which has always been "not worried about selling", has rarely had cash concessions for a long time, and even often reported the news of raising the price to pick up the car.

　　At present, Buick GL8 is mainly divided into three series: land business class, ES Luzun and Avenir Avia. The land business class (nicknamed "Fat Head Fish") is mainly for business trips within 300,000 yuan or IKEA business market. The whole system is equipped with a 2.0T engine +48V light mixing system and can enjoy the policy of halving the purchase tax. ES Lu Zun and Avenir Avia focus on the higher-end market, with smoother shapes and more luxurious interior decoration, which has a stronger gas field than business class on land.

◆ Car owner price trend

　　Although Buick GL8 has not had any public preferential information in the market for a long time, according to the word-of-mouth of our car owners, some models, such as the comfort type of land business class series (the guide price is 232,900 yuan, the most basic version), will still make a profit of several thousand yuan in the terminal market. Compared with the highly competitive SUV or car market, such a profit margin can only be regarded as better than nothing. However, with the stimulus of the auto market in the second half of the year and more and more competitors, it may not last long for Buick GL8 to remain a "seller’s market", and it is only a matter of time before the price is loosened.

》》》Click here to find out the owner price of Buick GL8.《《《

◆ Purchase suggestion:

　　For those users who want to buy medium and large MPV commercial vehicles, many times they don’t fully investigate the price or configuration between different models, but rather observe the models with large quantity, high preservation rate and high recognition rate on the market. Buick GL8 is undoubtedly the best choice at present, and the strong demand also makes Buick GL8 not only have no discount, but even news of raising the price to pick up the car for a long time. For those users who can only choose Buick GL8, how much they want to buy a car depends on your own wishes, but if you want to buy the same type of car at a relatively reasonable price, I suggest you take it easy and see what the next five cars are like.

● Guangzhou Automobile Passenger Car Chuanqi M8

Without clear preferential policies,Large space and complete configuration, most versions can enjoy half of the purchase tax.

　　In 2018, Guangzhou Automobile Chuanqi GM8 was listed, and later it was renamed Chuanqi M8, which is one of the main models of Guangzhou Automobile Chuanqi brand in MPV field. At present, all Chuanqi M8 systems are equipped with 2.0T+8AT power system, and the overall price is less than 289,800 yuan except for the four-seater model of Master Series, and the purchase tax can be halved according to the policy. The space and configuration performance similar to Buick GL8, coupled with the lower price, make the quantity of Chuanqi M8 in the market higher and higher, and the demand is stronger and stronger. Of course, what is the price … Chuanqi M8 is one of the few cars in China brand that have experienced the phenomenon of raising the price to pick up the car, which shows that the demand for medium and large MPVs is really strong.

◆ Car owner price trend

　　Although Chuanqi M8 doesn’t have any preferential information at dealers, according to the word-of-mouth data of car home, the landing price of new cars still has some preferential strength. The average preferential amount in the first four months of this year even exceeded 7,000 yuan, much higher than Buick GL8. After entering May, the preferential rate dropped slightly and the price was tightened. As for the recent price data of dealers around the world, it is always "0 discount", which means that the specific price still needs customers to go to the store to discuss in detail.

》》》Click here to know the owner price of Chuanqi M8.《《《

◆ Purchase suggestion:

　　Chuanqi M8 is a Buick GL8 model with sword finger, and its overall design is relatively successful, and it has accumulated a good reputation in recent years. The first generation models were relatively successful, and even experienced the era of raising the price to pick up the car. Soon Chuanqi M8 will usher in a new generation of vehicles. Compared with the soft lines of the current M8, the new generation of vehicles will become sharper and tougher, and straight lines and corners are widely used. At the same time, the new car will also be equipped with hybrid HEV and plug-in hybrid PHEV technology, and it is expected to be listed in the fourth quarter. If you are not in a hurry to buy a car, you might as well wait for a new model! As for the price of the new car in the future … Considering that the user group expecting the new car is relatively large, the price should be relatively firm after the initial listing, so you need to fill your wallet in advance and sell it quickly.

● KIA Jiahua

Some models can enjoy the policy of halving the purchase tax, and all of them are 7-seat versions.

　　Jiahua and even Kia brand are really strange to many people, and even some people still don’t know that the new generation of Jiahua has been made in China. After all, many home users who have chosen this class of models have paid attention to Toyota Saina SIENNA and Grevia. At present, there are four configuration versions of Jiahua in 2021, all of which are equipped with 2.0T engines. The starting price of entry models is 288,900 yuan, and some configuration versions can enjoy the policy of halving the purchase tax. In terms of terminal price, like most models in the same class, Jiahua has no public preferential policies, and the specific price needs to be discussed in detail at the store.

◆ Car owner price trend

　　In terms of the price of car owners, we refer to the flagship version with the most word of mouth as a reference. Although the dealers have hardly released any preferential information for several months, judging from the information of users who actually bought cars in the past six months, the actual bare car price of Jiahua is not constant at the guide price, and there will be more or less profit margins, but the overall decline is only very small compared with the manufacturer’s guide price.

》》》Click here to find out the owner price of Jiahua.《《《

◆ Purchase suggestion:

　　Although KIA Jiahua has a huge overall size, it is the same as Toyota Saina SIENNA/ Grevia. Users pay more attention to its household attributes, spacious and flexible space, electric side sliding doors and other convenient facilities to meet the convenient travel needs of families with many children. According to the information released by the dealers, the price of Jiahua is still relatively stable, and there is no discount or price increase. However, Jiahua’s monthly output is low, and the quota distributed to dealers all over the country is limited. The car booking cycle may be longer. The specific car purchase matters, price and waiting period need to be contacted with the local dealers to obtain more accurate information.

● SAIC Roewe iMAX8

You can enjoy the policy of halving the purchase tax, and you can choose the fuel version and the pure electric version. The high-end models have the characteristic configuration "Magic Bar".

　　Roewe iMAX8 is the brand’s first MPV model, and it is also the "fist" product that focuses on business reception or IKEA business market. The sense of science and technology is one of its characteristics, especially the magic bar system on the high-profile models is a unique function in MPV models. In addition to the fuel version, the pure electric Roewe iMAX8 EV has been pre-sold, and the pre-sale price range of the three configuration versions is 279.8-329.8 million yuan, which is expected to be officially listed in August. Judging from the information released by dealers at present, Roewe iMAX8 has no public preferential information, and the new car is still sold at the original price.

◆ Car owner price trend

　　As for the owner’s price, we refer to the 400TGI Honorable Edition, which has the most word of mouth. Although most dealers have not announced the new car preferential information, we can see that the new car price of Roewe iMAX8 is still quite favorable from the owner’s price, among which the average owner’s preferential rate in May-June exceeds 14,000 yuan, which is relatively strong in the ranks of medium and large MPVs.

》》》Click here to know the owner price of Roewe iMAX8.《《《

◆ Purchase suggestion:

　　Roewe iMAX8 is a model with advanced design in this level of market. The Ronglin grille and various details on the side make the whole car have a stronger sense of fashion, instead of deliberately making it mature and stable like Buick GL8 and Chuanqi M8. According to our previous dynamic experience, even the third row seats have good spatial performance and comfort, and the comfort performance of the whole vehicle is acceptable under the full state. In addition, the starting price of the fuel version is also less than 200,000 yuan. If the terminal market can give a certain preferential margin, then compared with Buick GL8, Roewe iMAX8 is indeed a more cost-effective model.

● SAIC Chase MAXUS G20

Most models can enjoy the policy of halving the purchase tax, with gasoline/diesel power options, and are tall and burly.

　　At present, SAIC Chase MAXUS has G10, G20 and G90 fuel vehicles and MIFA 9 electric vehicle models in the medium and large MPV market, among which G20 series mainly focuses on the administrative travel market, and its huge size and height exceeding 1.9 meters are visually quite burly. In terms of price, the G20 series has a wide range of models, including gasoline and diesel. The guide price ranges from 186,800 yuan to 369,800 yuan, covering a wide range. According to a dealer information in Beijing as a reference, SAIC Chase MAXUS G20 can enjoy a cash discount of up to 5,000 yuan at present, and the maximum discount rate is equivalent to 9.7% discount. Although the incentives are not strong, considering that most configured models can also enjoy the policy of halving the purchase tax, the cost of car purchase can be further reduced, which is quite attractive.

◆ Car owner price trend &Average preferential conditions of dealers in five places

　　In terms of the owner’s price, we refer to the gasoline automatic deluxe edition with the most word of mouth as a reference. In the first five months of this year, the G20 has always had a stable preferential amount, and by June, the preferential rate had almost doubled. However, according to the recent quotations from dealers in major cities in China, although G20 still offers relatively high preferential policies in the same class, its strength is slightly tighter than the owner’s price information.

》》》Click here to know the owner price of SAIC Chase MAXUS G20.《《《

◆ Purchase suggestion:

　　At present, the height of most medium and large MPV models mostly fluctuates around 1800 mm, while the height of G20 is 1928 mm, and the length of the whole vehicle is close to 5.2 meters and the width is close to 2 meters, which makes it visually burly. However, due to its height, it needs to be more cautious when entering some underground garages or mechanical three-dimensional parking spaces, so G20 is less recognized by home users. However, for business users, the large size can be exchanged for more free and flexible interior space, and even if it is full, there is no need to worry about being cramped. For enterprises and institutions, the G20 is more in line with their car demand.

● SAIC Volkswagen Weiran

　　Weiran is built on the platform of Volkswagen MQB Evo, with a length of more than 5.3 meters. It is the largest model built on this platform, even in the medium and large MPV market, its size is relatively large. In March of this year, the new Weiran was officially launched, and the new car was greatly upgraded for the interior, and the luxury temperament was improved. In terms of price, Weiran is one of the few models in the same class with a large preferential margin. We take a dealer information in Fuzhou as a reference. At present, Weiran can enjoy a cash discount of up to 18,000 yuan in the local area, and the maximum discount rate is equivalent to a 9.4% discount. At this level, its preferential strength is very large.

◆ Car owner price trend &Average preferential conditions of dealers in five places

　　As for the owner’s price, we refer to the 380TSI Zunchi version with the most word of mouth as a reference. From the trend chart of the past six months, we can clearly see that Weiran’s preferential strength has increased month by month, and by June, the average preferential amount has exceeded 20,000 yuan, which is unique in the same class. Then, let’s take a look at the information released by dealers around the country. It is different from the trend of car owners’ preferential treatment. Although only Beijing has preferential information in the chart, and it is only 2,000 yuan, in fact, from the market information directly released by dealers around the country, Weiran has universal preferential treatment with a quota exceeding 10,000 yuan in many places across the country. In addition, with the influence of the policy of halving the purchase tax, Weiran’s price can definitely surprise people.

》》》Click here to find out the owner price of Weiran.《《《

◆ Purchase suggestion:

　　In addition to substantial cash concessions and halving the purchase tax, some SAIC Volkswagen dealers have also introduced a policy that the purchase tax reduction is increased by 75% or even free, which is good news for those users who intend to purchase medium and large MPVs this year. Compared with Buick GL8, SAIC Volkswagen Weiran is huge in size and comfortable and spacious in internal space. Weiran built on the same platform as MQB Evo is not inferior to Buick GL8 in technology. If you don’t have to buy a car with Buick GL8, Volkswagen Weiran is also a good alternative.

Low article summary:

　　At present, most of the medium and large MPV markets, such as Buick GL8 and Chuanqi M8, which are the main business markets, have no preferential policies, and the guide price is the bare car price. Even in some areas, it is necessary to increase the price or purchase more decorations to pick up the car. It can be seen that MPV is being accepted by more and more people in the domestic market, and the demand is getting stronger and stronger. However, with the gradual increase of incoming models, consumers are increasingly rich in optional models. In order to gain a more favorable market position, some latecomers are also eroding the share of mainstream models by reducing prices. In addition, with the introduction of the policy of halving the purchase tax, some brands also hope to rely on the price war to enhance their competitiveness. It is not uncommon for the purchase tax to be further increased or even exempted.

　　For those users who buy medium and large MPVs, choosing this class of vehicles will naturally give more consideration to comfort, luxury temperament and space performance, and it will take more time to compare and analyze the car selection. Mainstream models need to rely on their own strength to ensure their first position, and the latecomers need to attract the attention of users through various benefits. The market is gradually evolving from a seller’s market to a buyer’s market. If you want to buy one of the above six cars, it is recommended to make more comparisons and buy the most cost-effective product at the most affordable price. (Text/car home Zhu Lishen)

[Editor’s note]

It’s the flu season again, and you are surrounded by "pathogens". Have you been recruited recently? This old article in RUC News Workshop will help us understand the flu cases and their harm at this time last year. In order to avoid the recurrence of the tragedy in the article "Middle-aged Beijing with Influenza", how should we deal with the menacing flu virus?

Zhang Li, a student at a university in Beijing, recalled that the day before she got the flu, "she changed into a light down jacket without a hat, and everything else was the same as usual." The next morning, Zhang Li felt very tired. She took a temperature of 38.7℃ and had a low fever. She took a cold medicine and fell asleep. By 7 o’clock in the evening, Zhang Li felt cold, weak, slightly tinnitus, and her temperature had soared to 39.8℃, so she quickly took a taxi with her friends to the hospital and hung up the emergency room. The emergency hall was crowded that night, and Zhang Li waited for a long time before she heard the nurse give her number.

In fact, the emergency rooms of many hospitals were overcrowded that night, and most of the patients were diagnosed with the flu. According to the data of China CDC, since the winter of 2017, the level of influenza activity in China has risen rapidly, and the number of patients in respiratory departments in many hospitals across the country has suddenly increased, even overloaded.

After winter, respiratory departments in many hospitals across the country are overloaded.

Zhong Shijie, director of the Department of Health Care of Guangzhou Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said that since December 2017, the number of patients has increased by 20-30% than usual, and there are more than 3,000 cold patients who come to the hospital every day, accounting for about 30% of the number of outpatients.

Since December 2017, the emergency department of Hunan Children’s Hospital has received more than 1,000 consultations every day, and more than 80% of them are upper respiratory tract infections.

According to the results of influenza surveillance in China CDC, in the first week of 2018, the percentage of influenza-like cases in the southern provinces of China in the total number of outpatient and emergency cases (ILI%) was 6.0%, which was higher than the same period in 2015-2017.

The influenza epidemic situation in southern provinces showed a downward turning point in the third week of January 2018, and then the level of influenza activity in the whole country continued to decline.

Source: China CDC.

Source: China CDC.

Source: China CDC.

Source: China CDC.

Source: National Health Planning Commission

Source: National Health Planning Commission

So what’s the situation abroad?

According to CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; According to the data of Centres for disease and prevention, as of December 15, 2017, 150.3 million doses of influenza vaccine have been distributed in the United States, and it is expected to reach 166 million doses in the whole flu season from 2017 to 2018. In 2017, the vaccination rate of the whole population in the United States was 38.6%, including 38.8% of children and adolescents and 38.5% of adults. In other words, China’s current influenza vaccination rate is only 1/20 of that of the United States, which is equivalent to the vaccination level of the United States in the early 1980s. In contrast, with the gradual improvement of domestic economic conditions and the gradual increase of medical and health investment, there is still huge room for improvement in influenza vaccination rate in China.

Source: CDC, USA.

Source: CDC, USA.

The use of influenza vaccine has bottomed out and the vaccine production is facing challenges.

At present, the global vaccine supply is facing uneven geographical distribution and insufficient production. 90% of the global influenza vaccine production capacity is concentrated in some countries in Europe and North America, and their population accounts for only 10% of the global population, and the maximum vaccine production can not meet the expected demand of the World Health Organization’s strategic action plan to deal with pandemic influenza.

As for the domestic vaccine market, before that, there were trivalent influenza vaccines (including two kinds of influenza A and one kind of influenza B) in the domestic market, and then National Medical Products Administration approved the application for production registration of tetravalent influenza virus split vaccine. The tetravalent influenza virus split vaccine approved for marketing this time contains not only the virus of common trivalent influenza vaccine, but also BY influenza virus, which is also the main virus strain prevalent in China’s influenza season in 2017-2018.

In 2009-2010, affected by the outbreak of influenza A, the number of batches of domestic influenza vaccines reached a peak of more than 60 million, and then began to fall back and stabilize at 30-40 million. On the one hand, the influenza epidemic was controlled, and on the other hand, the influenza virus was mutating every year. Every year, the vaccines were developed for the prevalent strains of that year, which caused the research and development of manufacturers to lag behind. Coupled with the influence of the new GMP standard, the number of batches of domestic influenza vaccines showed a trend.

In 2017, more than 29 million influenza vaccines were issued nationwide, an increase of more than 4 million compared with 2016, with a year-on-year increase of nearly 20%. In 2017, with the outbreak of the epidemic and the enhancement of people’s awareness of vaccination, influenza vaccines have bottomed out.

Source: clove garden "Insight database"

According to the World Health Organization, the current vaccine market faces three challenges: to produce enough high-quality vaccines in a short period of time to meet global demand after the start of the pandemic; To provide fair access to vaccines; And to ensure that there is sufficient capacity to deliver vaccines to all communities.

In cooperation with representatives of major stakeholders in the field of influenza vaccine and immunization, the World Health Organization adopted the Global Influenza Vaccine Action Plan in 2006 to meet these challenges. At another meeting held in May 2006, the World Health Organization formulated a global action plan to increase the supply of pandemic influenza vaccine. Participants called for better development of vaccine production capacity in developing countries, especially for developing countries that are currently building vaccine production facilities.

Aiming at the population coverage of the World Health Organization, increasing the use of seasonal influenza vaccine is undoubtedly the most effective way to increase the production of pandemic influenza vaccine. However, it may take four to five years to achieve a significant increase in vaccine production through this approach.

A week later, Zhang Li finally recovered from the flu. However, not everyone is as lucky as her in this fierce and worst flu storm in ten years. At the end of 2017, the article "Middle-aged Beijing under the Flu", which exploded the circle of friends, told a story: a 60-year-old tough-hearted father-in-law in Northeast China, because he didn’t listen to his children’s advice, didn’t wear a shirt to open the window and caught a cold, and went his own way and didn’t seek medical treatment in time. Twenty-nine days after the onset of the disease, he was infected by an unknown virus caused by a cold. Even though he spent 1 million yuan in the ICU ward of a third-class hospital in Beijing, he was not saved.

Similar tragedies have something to do with our contempt for the flu. How to face up to the possible harm of influenza and take a series of preventive measures for this is a problem that we should pay attention to.

This article is an exclusive manuscript, please indicate the source "RUC News Square", the author’s name and "from The Paper Paike Channel".

Wu Changhua, a journalist with extreme eyes.

Video clip Wu Changhua

Correspondent Zhang Li Deng Yue Mei Xiao Shu Xuan

On May 19th, Hubei Provincial Public Security Traffic Management Bureau held a press conference to announce that from now on, Hubei Public Security Traffic Police Law Enforcement Management Service Evaluation System was fully put into operation.

The system is a WeChat applet application, which can be used by paying attention to "Hubei Traffic Police" WeChat WeChat official account.

According to the press conference, the system is referred to as "law enforcement evaluation" for short, and the parties can either evaluate "satisfaction" or "dissatisfaction" or say and leave comments and suggestions.

Car owners, drivers and other traffic participants, after receiving various legal documents (including tickets) issued by the traffic police, can open the WeChat "Sweep" QR code to enter the evaluation system, evaluate the traffic police’s law enforcement or service, and leave comments and suggestions.

Jimu news reporter learned that it is the first time in China that the provincial public security traffic control department has fully launched the law enforcement management service evaluation system.

Pay attention to Hubei traffic police WeChat WeChat official account’s use of the "law enforcement evaluation" applet

Strong medicine to treat furuncle, forced to improve.

The law enforcement of public security traffic control is extensive, involving all aspects of people’s livelihood. The people pay high attention to road traffic safety management, especially standardized law enforcement and efficient service, and have high expectations.

At present, the Central Committee and the Provincial Committee of Governing the Country by Law (Province) have made the work arrangements for special rectification of outstanding problems in the field of road traffic safety and law enforcement, and the Party Committee of the Provincial Public Security Department has requested to fully investigate and rectify the stubborn diseases of law enforcement and establish a long-term working mechanism.

Hubei Provincial Public Security Traffic Management Bureau has carried out solid investigation and research.

In the investigation and study, it is found that although the public security traffic police have made continuous progress in law enforcement level and service ability, there is still room for improvement in the management service mechanism.

For example, the police on duty at the front line report that drivers will inevitably complain after receiving the ticket, but it may contain useful opinions and suggestions. In the past, there were not no channels for collecting opinions and suggestions, but there were problems of untimely, indirect and inconvenient.

For another example, it is inevitable that individual policemen have a bad attitude, are unwilling to explain and enforce the law bluntly.

Indulge in chronic diseases and need strong medicine to get rid of them.

Taking the people as the center, starting with what the masses care about, we will strive to make the people feel fair and just in handling every case.

"Fasten the first button of law enforcement", accept criticism and supervision from the masses with an open mind, listen to the voices of the masses and respond to their expectations at any time.

Let the parties make real-time evaluation and suggestions on the spot, thus forcing law enforcement and improving service level. This is the original intention of implementing "law enforcement evaluation" and an exploration attempt of "cutting the blade inward".

"This is a big test and a self-revolution."

A few months before the press conference on May 19th, during the framework design, development and trial operation of Hubei Traffic Police’s "Law Enforcement Evaluation" system, extremely high-profile journalists were invited to participate for many times, and heard the relevant person in charge say so many times.

The reporter felt that the Hubei Provincial Public Security Traffic Management Bureau attached great importance to this.

The evaluation QR code has been added to the law enforcement documents issued by the traffic police on the spot.

Supervision of the whole process of graded feedback on law enforcement evaluation

Exploring a new mechanism that has never been seen before is a big test.

From brewing to decision-making, from design to development to trial operation, and then to feedback, modification and adjustment, we will steadily advance, actively and prudently. How to design it according to the convenience of the parties.

There are two ways to use "law enforcement evaluation".

Law enforcement evaluation page

One way is to follow and enter WeChat official account, the WeChat of Hubei Traffic Police, click Law Enforcement Evaluation on the menu bar, and then click Service Evaluation or Law Enforcement Evaluation to enter the evaluation system.

Another way is to scan the code. At present, the evaluation QR code has been added to the law enforcement documents issued by the traffic police in Hubei, and the parties can enter the law enforcement evaluation system by using WeChat to scan them. Two-dimensional codes are placed in the places where the vehicle management business is handled, and the vehicle management business can be evaluated by scanning the codes.

For example, after receiving the penalty decision for illegal parking, the code will be scanned and the "Evaluation Instructions" will be displayed, telling you that this is a real-name evaluation. You need to turn on the mobile phone to locate and click "Agree" to enter the evaluation page.

If "dissatisfied" is selected, the column of "Normative supervision of law enforcement process" will pop up, and there are eight situations for you to check, such as "auxiliary police enforcement", "uncivilized law enforcement language, rude attitude", "no violation of the law, but punished", "impounding the car for no reason", "impounding the car without timely notice and issuing vouchers", "not listening to the statements and arguments of the parties", "unfair law enforcement" and "others"

In the column of "evaluation and proof", you can provide written explanations, photos and videos. It is suggested to be as detailed as possible, which is more helpful for the traffic control department to check the specific situation.

Click "Submit" to complete the law enforcement evaluation.

You can check the replies from relevant departments.

After completing the evaluation, you can view the evaluation content on the history page, and you can also receive the service notice of WeChat applet. Click to view the reply from relevant departments.

If the evaluation is unsatisfactory, the district-level public security traffic police brigade will complete the verification and feedback within 3 working days. If the parties are still dissatisfied with the feedback from the traffic police brigade, this evaluation will be pushed by the system step by step to the higher-level city and state traffic police detachment, and the detachment will complete the review within 3 working days and feed back the results to the parties until the relevant disputes are resolved legally, reasonably and flexibly.

That is to say, for the unsatisfactory evaluation, the provincial, municipal and county public security traffic control departments will accept it by classification, the higher public security traffic control department will supervise the feedback from the lower public security traffic control departments, and the provincial public security traffic management bureau will supervise the whole process.

"We are the respondents and the people are the reviewers"

What is the effect of the trial operation of "law enforcement evaluation"

On May 16th, Hubei Traffic Police’s "Law Enforcement Evaluation" was launched in an all-round way. Hubei Provincial Public Security Traffic Management Bureau organized the relevant person in charge of the traffic police detachment of the whole province to come to Caidian Brigade, a detachment of Hubei Provincial Expressway Police Corps, as a pilot unit, to learn about the situation and have a discussion and exchange.

The police on duty on the road introduced that in the process of on-site law enforcement or service, the parties praised the Hubei traffic police for their "law enforcement evaluation". The parties who are dissatisfied with the punishment have channels to express their opinions, and the opposition is obviously alleviated.

"At the same time, under the supervision of evaluation, we also pay more attention to attitudes, methods and methods, explain more and communicate more, and the effect of traffic safety publicity for the parties is better."

Caidian Brigade began to try out the law enforcement management service evaluation system on April 10 this year. By that day, it had received 166 evaluations from the masses, including 72 satisfactory evaluations and 94 unsatisfactory evaluations. No irregularities in law enforcement by police officers were found.

Mass evaluation

Objectively speaking, it is not easy to express satisfaction with being punished.

The reporter learned that there were only two options of "satisfaction" and "dissatisfaction" in the early stage of the "law enforcement evaluation", which may lead to more dissatisfaction evaluations of Caidian Brigade. Later, the "Other" option was added.

A team and the relevant person in charge of Caidian Brigade introduced that the pilot shows that "law enforcement evaluation" can collect the opinions and suggestions of the masses on law enforcement in time, resolve conflicts in the first time, and at the same time force the police to standardize their words and deeds and enforce the law in a civilized, rational, fair and just manner. The evaluation of the masses has further inspired the police to standardize law enforcement and provide enthusiastic service, so that the masses can truly feel the "temperature" of law enforcement.

"The times are the writers, we are the respondents, and the people are the reviewers."