Science network

　

Facing the forefront of world science and technology

1. Research on high temperature superconductors.

Superconductivity was discovered by Dutch scientist H.Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. Refers to the phenomenon that some materials show zero resistance and complete diamagnetism below their critical temperature, and the corresponding materials are called superconductors. Superconductors whose critical temperature is higher than the "McMillan limit" (40K) considered by the traditional theory are called high-temperature superconductors. It is a long-term goal for scientists all over the world to explore and discover new high-temperature superconductors, especially those above the liquid nitrogen temperature range, and to study their physical mechanisms.

In 1987, the Institute of Physics made a great contribution to the study of copper oxide superconductors, independently discovered copper oxide superconductors in the liquid nitrogen temperature range, and announced its elemental composition as Ba-Y-Cu-O for the first time in the world. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1989.

In 2008, China University of Science and Technology and Institute of Physics broke the Macmillan limit temperature for the first time in the world, and discovered 43K SmFeAsO1-xFx superconductors, 41K CeFeAsO1-xFx superconductors and series of REFeAsO1-xFx and REFeAsO1-x(RE= rare earth elements) superconductors above 50K, respectively, and set a critical temperature record of 55K. Iron-based superconductors are identified as a new class of high-temperature superconductors, and important achievements have been made in the study of physical properties, which has potential application value. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2013.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has made pioneering and pioneering contributions in the only two major breakthroughs in high-temperature superconducting research in the world, and has played a leading role in many aspects in this field, continuously promoting the development of international high-temperature superconducting research.

2. A series of studies on the field of topological states.

The Institute of Physics has made a series of international leading research achievements in the field of topological states. In 2009, three-dimensional topological insulators of Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3 and Sb2Te3 were discovered theoretically and verified by experiments, which became the most widely studied topological insulator material system.

In 2010, it was put forward that the topological insulator films such as Bi2Te3 doped with Cr or Fe magnetic ions were the best system to realize quantum anomalous Hall effect, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 2013, in cooperation with Tsinghua University, the "quantum anomalous Hall effect" was observed for the first time in the world, which verified the theoretical scheme.

In 2012-2014, two Dirac semimetals, Na3Bi and Cd3As2, were predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally, and the topological classification of electronic states in condensed state was extended from insulator to semimetal, and a new state of matter — — Topological semimetallic state.

In 2015, the theory predicted that the TaAs family material was Vail semi-metal, and the first experiment confirmed the chiral electronic state — — The existence of the Fermion was rated as "Top Ten Breakthroughs in 2015" by Physical World of British Physical Society and "Eight Highlights in 2015" by Physics of american physical society. In January, 2018, he was selected into the collection of essays commemorating the 125th anniversary of the birth of american physical society Physical Review, which was the only work from China among the 49 important scientific achievements. In 2017, the triple degenerate point semi-metallic WC family materials were predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally for the first time, and the triple degenerate fermion quasi-particle excitation was found, which provided a new idea and method for exploring the extraordinary cost of fermion excitation in condensed matter.

In 2018, topological superconducting surface states were first discovered in Fe-based superconductor Fe-Te-Se materials, and zero-energy majorana bound states were also discovered in this material, which is of great significance for the construction of stable, highly fault-tolerant and extensible future quantum computer applications.

3. Research on particle physics and nuclear physics

Relying on the major scientific and technological infrastructure of relevant countries and leading major international cooperation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has achieved a series of internationally influential scientific achievements in hadron physics, nuclear physics, neutrino physics and high-energy frontier.

Since 1990, the Institute of High Energy has accurately measured τ Lepton mass and R value, a new particle X(1835) was found. In 2013, the "four-quark substance" Zc(3900) was discovered in the experiment of Beijing Spectrometer III, which was a major breakthrough in the traditional quark model that the substance only contained two or three quarks, and ranked first among the 11 important achievements in the field of physics in american physical society.

In 1992, a new nuclide, Platinum -202, was obtained by Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research with Lanzhou Heavy Ion Research Facility, which was the first time that scientists in China synthesized it. Since the 1990s, the Institute of Modern Physics has synthesized 34 new nuclides, measured the mass of a number of short-lived nuclei with high accuracy for the first time, and established an international nuclear quality data evaluation center. The production of these new nuclides is an important achievement made by scientists in China in the synthesis and research of nuclei far from the stable line.

In 2011, Shanghai Yingwu Institute participated in the international cooperative research of RHIC-STAR nuclear physics and cooperated with American scientists to discover the heaviest antimatter particle — — Anti-helium nucleus has played a key role.

In 2012, an international cooperative research team led by High Energy Institute discovered a new mode of neutrino oscillation in Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment, and accurately measured the neutrino mixing angle θ The value of 13 indicates that China’s neutrino experimental research has entered the forefront of the world from scratch. This achievement was selected as one of the top ten scientific breakthroughs in Science in 2012, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013, the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2016, and the International Breakthrough Award in Basic Physics in 2016.

China’s research team, led by High Energy Institute, made a direct contribution to the discovery of Higgs particles and its properties in the international cooperation experiment of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in 2012.

4. Study on organic molecular clustering and free radical chemistry.

Physical organic chemistry is the theoretical basis of organic chemistry, which mainly involves the relationship between structure, medium, chemical characteristics and physical characteristics. After nearly 20 years’ efforts, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry has focused on two important aspects in the frontier field of physical organic chemistry — — Organic molecular clustering and free radical chemistry have been deeply and systematically studied. Won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2002, filling the vacancy of the award for four consecutive years.

The research results of organic molecular clustering and self-volume have important theoretical enlightenment for understanding some life phenomena and designing drugs to treat atherosclerotic diseases at the molecular level. The study of free radical chemistry established the most complete and reliable parameters reflecting the spin delocalization ability of substituents in the world at that time, which was considered as a milestone by international peers. These two aspects are related to the structural effect and dielectric effect of organic compounds, and are one of the core contents of physical organic chemistry research.

5. Nanotechnology Innovation

In the field of nano-characterization, in 1988, the Institute of Chemistry developed the first scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the first atomic force microscope (AFM) integrating computer control, data analysis and image processing systems in China, which laid the material foundation for nano-technology research in China. In 2001, China University of Science and Technology used low-temperature STM for the first time in the world to obtain the ability to distinguish carbon — C60 single-molecule images of carbon single bonds and double bonds, and achieved sub-nanometer resolution single-molecule optical Raman imaging for the first time in the world in 2013, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

In 2013, the National Nanocenter realized the direct imaging of intermolecular hydrogen bonds for the first time in the world by using AFM technology, which provided the first intuitive evidence for the "nature of hydrogen bonds" that has been debated in the chemical community for more than 80 years.

In the field of nano-materials and devices, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Metals and other units have produced a number of international leading achievements in the preparation of carbon nanotubes, the control of nano-structures and their physical properties, and surface nanocrystallization for more than 20 years, which has promoted the research and development in this field.

In 2017, Shanghai Microsystems Institute and related enterprises designed Scandium with low power consumption, long life and high stability — Antimony — Tellurium (Sc-Sb-Te) is a new high-speed phase change material, which is of great significance for China to break through foreign technical barriers and independently develop memory chips. Based on long-term basic research, the Institute of Chemistry has developed a complete industrial chain technology of nano-green printing, and in 2016, it built the world’s first demonstration line of sand-free nano-green printing plates.

In the field of nanocatalysis, in 2011, Dalian Institute of Chemistry prepared Pt/FeOx monoatomic catalyst for the first time in the world, and put forward a new concept of monoatomic catalysis, which was selected as one of the top ten scientific research achievements of the American Chemical Society in 2016. In 2014, based on the new concept of nano-confined catalysis, it pioneered the catalytic process of methane anaerobic production of olefins and aromatics, realized one-step efficient conversion, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

6. Synthetic biology research

Following the first synthetic bovine insulin in China in 1965 (won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1982), in November 1981, a joint research team composed of Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Cytology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Sciences, Institute of Biophysics and related units outside the hospital, which lasted for 13 years, artificially synthesized a complete yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid molecule containing 76 nucleotides for the first time in the world. This achievement won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1987, which is of great significance for revealing the origin of life and the role of nucleic acids in organisms, laying a theoretical foundation for further understanding of genetics and other life phenomena, and developing and applying a variety of nucleic acid drugs, marking China’s entry into the world’s advanced ranks in this field.

In August 2018, the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Molecular Plant Science adopted the "engineering" method of synthetic biology and efficient enabling technology, and used single-celled eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae (naturally containing 16 linear chromosomes) as the research material to artificially create eukaryotic cells containing only a single chromosome for the first time in the world. This is after the artificial synthesis of bovine insulin and yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid, Chinese scientists have once again used synthetic science strategies to answer major basic questions in the field of life science, which will deepen human understanding of the nature of life.

7. Study on the connection map between nonhuman primate model and brain.

The Center for Excellence and Innovation in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology has made a series of important original achievements in the research of nonhuman primate model and brain connection map. At the end of 2017, it took the lead in overcoming the worldwide problem of somatic cell nuclear cloning in nonhuman primates. On November 27th, the world’s first cloned monkey "Zhongzhong" was born, and on December 5th, the second cloned monkey "Huahua" was born. This is another major breakthrough in the field of cloning biotechnology after Dolly, a British sheep cloned in 1997, which will strongly promote the basic research of life science and translational medicine research, and bring bright prospects for exploring the mechanisms of many complex diseases, establishing effective diagnosis, treatment and intervention means and creating new drugs.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence in Innovation established a nonhuman primate model with human autism gene for the first time in the world — — The cynomolgus monkey model constructs a behavioral analysis paradigm of autism in nonhuman primates, which provides an important window for observing the neuroscience mechanism of autism and lays an important foundation for further studying the pathology of autism and exploring possible treatment and intervention methods.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence and Innovation successfully drew a more accurate functional partition map of human brain, that is, the map of human brain network group, which broke through the bottleneck of traditional brain map drawing for more than 100 years and put forward the idea of "drawing brain map by using brain connection information", and established a macro-scale whole brain connection map for the first time, providing an important foundation for the source innovation of brain science and brain disease research.

8. Genome research

In July 1999, led by the Institute of Genetic Development, China participated in the International Human Genome Project, becoming the sixth participating country and the only developing country after the United States, Britain, France, Germany and Japan. In April, 2000, China completed the 1% genome sequence working frame of the International Human Genome Project ahead of schedule, determined the 30 million base sequences on the short arm of chromosome 3, and drew the completed map with 99.99% coverage, which laid the foundation for China’s biological resources genome research and participation in international bio-industry competition.

In 2000, the Institute of Genetic Development cooperated in the Genome Project of Super Hybrid Rice in China. In October, 2001, it was the first to complete the drawing of rice (indica rice) gene working frame map, and published the database free of charge. In December 2002, the world’s first detailed map of the whole genome of crops was completed — — The fine map of indica rice genome sequence was drawn, and the world’s first gene chip covering the whole rice genome was successfully developed, which laid the foundation for maintaining China’s international leading position in hybrid rice breeding. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003.

In 2014, the Institute of Zoology successfully deciphered the whole genome sequence map of Locusta migratoria manilensis, which is the largest animal genome deciphered by human beings so far, revealing the regulation mechanism of swarming behavior, phenotypic plasticity inheritance and epigenetic regulation; At the same time, a series of breakthroughs have been made around the difficult problems such as the mechanism of population outbreak and disaster. Won the 2017 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

9. Compilation and biodiversity research of Flora of China

In 2004, the encyclopedia of higher plant resources in China — — Flora of China has been completely published. Led by China Academy of Sciences (Institute of Botany, south china botanical garden Institute of Botany, Kunming Institute of Botany, etc.), the book was prepared by four generations of plant taxonomists in China for 41 years (1918-1959) and compiled for 45 years (1959-2004), and was completed with the concerted efforts of 312 authors and 164 cartographers from more than 80 units across the country. There are 80 volumes and 126 volumes, with a total of more than 50 million words. It records 31,142 species of vascular plants belonging to 3408 genera and 301 families in China, including 9,080 plates. It is the largest and richest published flora book in the world. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2009.

Flora of China is a pioneering, innovative, systematic and basic project in the field of botany. It is a landmark achievement of botany research in China in the past half century. It has great academic value, promoted the development of botany and biology-related disciplines in China, provided an important scientific basis for the study of terrestrial ecosystems and the development and utilization of plant resources, and made great contributions to the sustainable development of biodiversity in China and the world, and had a far-reaching impact.

Previously, the "Illustration of Chinese Higher Plants" and "Key to Chinese Higher Plants’ Families and Genus" led by the Institute of Botany won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1987; The research results on the systematic arrangement and historical origin of pteridophytes in China won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1993.

In terms of biodiversity investigation, collection, preservation, protection and utilization, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has completed the construction of basic resource platforms such as botanical garden system, herbarium system, biological genetic resource bank and biodiversity monitoring and research network through the construction of strategic biological resources network, and established a relatively complete germplasm resource database and information sharing management system. In 2009, Kunming Institute of Botany took the lead in setting up the China Southwest Wildlife Germplasm Resource Bank, which collected nearly 80,000 rare and endangered species, endemic species and wild plant seeds with important economic and scientific value, and the preservation capacity of germplasm resources reached the international leading level. Initiating the China Botanical Garden Alliance and implementing the "Full Coverage Plan for Native Plants" have played an important role in protecting 40 landmark scientific and technological achievements of biodiversity in China. The construction of strategic biological resources network of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the scientific research carried out on this basis are of great strategic significance for promoting the protection of biodiversity, the development of biotechnology industry and coping with international competition in biological resources.

10. Paleontological research

In 1984, Nanjing Institute of Paleontology discovered the Chengjiang fossil group, and conducted a large-scale collection and comprehensive study of more than 30,000 fossils for 17 years, and achieved a series of remarkable achievements, vividly reappearing the face of the marine animal world 530 million years ago for the first time, providing a scientific basis for revealing the mystery of the CAMBRIAN explosion. This achievement is known as "one of the most amazing scientific discoveries in the 20th century" and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2003.

"Golden Nail" is an international standard for global chronostratigraphic division and correlation. As of July 2018, among the more than 60 "golden nails" identified in the world, there are 11 in China, ranking first in the world, and 7 of them (Changxing Stage, Paibi Stage, Wujiaping Stage, Hernandez Stage, Guzhang Stage, Jiangshan Stage and Wuliu Stage) were completed by Nanjing Paleontologists.

Based on many years’ continuous large-scale field investigation and excavation, Paleovertebrate Institute has carried out research on vertebrate fauna in Jehol, western Liaoning Province, and achieved a series of important discoveries and original achievements, which enriched human understanding of the early Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem and was of great significance in the study of the origin and systematic evolution of many vertebrate groups. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003, and was selected as one of the 40 landmark major scientific and technological achievements in Time, the top ten scientific and technological discoveries in the world in 2007 and the top ten scientific breakthroughs in Science in 2014.

Through the discovery and study of the earliest modern human fossils in East Asia 120,000-80,000 years ago, the Institute of Paleontology denied some viewpoints of modern people’s "African origin theory", and put forward a new hypothesis that modern people appeared and spread in East Asia, which provided important fossil evidence for studying the evolution law of human beings in East Asia and pushed the research on the evolution of ancient human beings in China to the international frontier level. Related achievements were selected as the top ten scientific events of Nature in 2014.

11. Quaternary environmental research

Quaternary environmental field is the focus of global change research in recent years. The Institute of Geology and Earth, the Institute of Earth Environment, the Institute of Cold and Drought, etc., taking loess and glaciers as the important carriers of paleoenvironment research, have made a series of important achievements in Quaternary geology and environment research, which provide scientific basis for understanding the law of global environmental evolution, understanding the causes of current environmental changes and evaluating the future environmental development trend, and are at the forefront of international geoscience.

In the study of Quaternary loess environment, the Chinese Academy of Sciences put forward the theory of "fresh wind", which reconstructed the history of climate change for 2.5 million years based on China loess, promoted the development of earth environmental science, and had important practical significance for soil and water conservation, vegetation reconstruction and sand control in the Loess Plateau, and provided decision support for the comprehensive management of the national Loess Plateau. "Experimental study on comprehensive management of loess plateau" won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1993.

In the research of Quaternary Glaciers, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has found out the distribution and characteristics of Quaternary Glaciers in China, compiled the map of Quaternary Glaciers in China, broke through the traditional theory of Quaternary Four Glaciers, and developed the international scientific theory of Quaternary Glaciers and environmental changes, which is of great significance to the future water resources change, environmental evolution and sustainable development.

12. East Asian atmospheric circulation research

The study of atmospheric circulation is an important way to reveal the laws of atmospheric movement, explore global climate change, and make climate prediction and weather forecast. The Institute of Atmospheric Research and the Institute of Geophysics have made a systematic and in-depth study on the movement law of atmospheric circulation in East Asia, put forward the concept of abrupt climate change, and found that the circulation in East Asia and North America has changed sharply in the transitional season. The research found and proved the importance of blocking high in the continuous abnormal weather forecast, and revealed the influence mechanism of atmospheric circulation in East Asia on the climate in China. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

The study of atmospheric circulation in East Asia laid a theoretical foundation for the establishment of numerical weather forecast model in China in 1980s. In 1980, the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences cooperated with the Central Meteorological Observatory to set up the "Joint Numerical Forecasting Room", which developed the series of achievements into the main mode of meteorological service in China. In 1982, the Central Meteorological Observatory made the first 72-hour numerical weather forecast according to this model.

13. Mathematical mechanization method and symplectic geometry algorithm

In 1970s and 1980s, China’s algorithmic thought of traditional mathematics was developed, and an efficient algebraic method for proving geometric theorems by computer — — "Wu method" initiated a new interdisciplinary direction of mathematical mechanization. This is one of the most complete methods to solve algebraic and differential algebraic equations by symbols at present. It has been applied to solve mathematical interdisciplinary scientific problems such as robot kinematics, intelligent CAD, visual positioning, optimal interpolation of numerical control, cryptanalysis, automatic discovery of physical laws, configuration of celestial operation center, etc., which indicates that China has reached the international leading level in the field of automatic reasoning research.

Hamilton system is a mathematical form that expresses all conservation physical processes, and symplectic geometry is the mathematical basis of Hamilton system. In 1984, the Institute of Computational Mathematics put forward the calculation method of Hamilton system based on symplectic geometry, which created a new frontier field where computational physics, computational mechanics and computational mathematics intersect and permeate each other. Through systematic research, a number of fundamental original achievements were obtained, which had a great impact on the world and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1997. The algorithm has become the mainstream research direction of 40 landmark scientific and technological achievements of ordinary differential equations and numerical calculation of dynamic systems, and has brought about innovations in calculation in the fields of science and engineering. It has been widely used in celestial orbit evolution, high-energy accelerator design, molecular dynamics simulation, numerical weather prediction, oil and gas exploration, plasma confinement, computational quantum chemistry and so on.

14. Series of large astronomical observation facilities

LAMOST (also called "Guo Shoujing Telescope"), an optical telescope with large aperture and large field of view, is located in Xinglong Observatory of National Astronomical Observatory, and its spectrum acquisition rate is the highest in the world. The project was established in 1997, construction started in 2001, passed the acceptance test in 2009, and the spectrum survey began in October 2011.

As of June 2018, LAMOST has released more than 10 million celestial spectra, making it the astronomical database with the most complete coverage, the largest survey volume and sampling density, the best statistical consistency and the largest number of samples in the world. In August 2018, a strange celestial body with the highest known lithium abundance (about 3000 times that of similar celestial bodies) was discovered. Astronomers at home and abroad have made breakthroughs in the formation and evolution of the Milky Way, cross-certification of multi-band celestial bodies and galaxy physics by using LAMOST data.

The 500-meter spherical radio telescope (FAST, also known as "Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST)") is the largest and most sensitive radio telescope with independent intellectual property rights in China. FAST uses Guizhou natural karst depression as the telescope site, led by the National Astronomical Observatory, which was established in 2007 and started construction in 2011. Completed and opened in September 2016, it was selected as a major global scientific event in Nature that year and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017. By the end of August, 2018, FAST had confirmed the discovery of 44 pulsars, among which the first millisecond pulsar was internationally certified in April, 2018, which opened a new era of pulsar discovery in China Radio Telescope System.

In addition, the solar magnetic field telescope led by Beijing Observatory and the long-wave time service platform system built by Shaanxi Observatory won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988 respectively. The 1.56m astrometric telescope led by Shanghai Observatory won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992. The 2.16m astronomical optical telescope led by Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Development Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1998. The 65-meter radio telescope (also known as "Tianma Telescope") led by Shanghai Observatory has played an important role in China’s lunar exploration project and deep space exploration.

The construction and operation of a series of large astronomical observation facilities have provided high-level observation means and research platforms for Chinese and even world scientists to explore the mysteries of the universe, improved the international status of astronomy in China, and are of great significance to China’s basic frontier scientific research, strategic high-tech development and international scientific and technological cooperation.

15. Large accelerator devices represented by the Beijing Electron Positron Collider.

The Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is the first major national science and technology infrastructure built since China’s reform and opening-up. It was led by the Institute of High Energy, established in April 1983, started in October 1984, completed in October 1988 and put into operation in October 1990. It was called by People’s Daily as "another major breakthrough achievement in the high-tech field after the successful explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs and the launch of artificial satellites". The project construction won the special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990. The major reconstruction project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCⅡ) started in 2004 and passed the acceptance in May 2009. It won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2016.

Shanghai Light Source (SSRF) was led by Shanghai Yingwu Institute. It was established in March 1998, started in December 2004 and passed the acceptance in January 2010. This is one of the third generation synchrotron radiation light sources with leading performance indicators in the world, and it is also the largest scientific apparatus built in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2013.

Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator (HIRFL), led by the Institute of Modern Physics, was established in November 1976, started in December 1979 and passed the acceptance test in November 1989. It is the middle-high energy heavy ion accelerator with the highest energy accuracy in Asia and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992. The project of expanding multi-purpose cooling storage ring (CSR) on Lanzhou heavy ion accelerator was initiated in June 1997, started in April 2000, passed the acceptance in July 2008, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009.

Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Light Source (HLS), led by China University of Science and Technology, was established in April 1983, started in November 1984, and passed the acceptance in December 1991. It is the first special synchrotron radiation light source in China, and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1995. The second phase of the project was established in April 1997, started in May 1999 and passed the acceptance in December 2004.

China spallation neutron source (CSNS), led by High Energy Institute, was established in September 2008, started in October 2011, and passed the acceptance test in August 2018. It is the first pulsed spallation neutron source in China and the fourth in the world, and its technical indicators and comprehensive performance have entered the advanced ranks of similar devices in the world, which has enabled China to achieve a major leap in the field of intense proton accelerator and neutron scattering.

The construction and operation of a series of large-scale accelerator scientific apparatus has provided an advanced experimental platform for the frontier basic research of many disciplines in China, such as material science, life science, material science, energy science, environmental and earth science, geological archaeology, and high-tech research and development in the fields of microelectronics, micromachining, petrochemical industry, bioengineering, medicine and medical diagnosis and treatment, supported users to obtain a number of international leading achievements, made irreplaceable important contributions to enhancing China’s comprehensive scientific and technological strength, and promoted and promoted the development of related industries.

Facing the major needs of the country

16. Science and Application of Manned Space Flight and Lunar Exploration Project

Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the initiators and organizers of China manned space flight and lunar exploration project, and also the proposer and implementer of scientific and applied goals. More than 50 affiliated institutions have undertaken a large number of important engineering tasks and a number of collaborative supporting tasks, breaking through a large number of key core technologies and providing strong scientific and technological support for project implementation.

In the manned spaceflight project, the Space Application Center (formerly the General Department of Space Science and Application) took the lead in the space application system, and completed more than 70 space science and application tasks and 560 payload development tasks on Shenzhou series spacecraft, Tiangong-1, Tiangong-2 and Tianzhou-1. Continuous innovation and development of visible light, infrared, hyperspectral imaging and microwave remote sensing technologies have promoted the leap-forward development of space-to-earth observation technology in China; Created a series of space research in China, such as life science, microgravity fluid and material science, basic physics and astronomy. In 2008, the satellite was released in orbit for the first time, and the long-distance approach and accurate flight around non-cooperative targets were realized.

In 2016, in the mission of Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory, 14 scientific experiments in three major scientific fields were completed, among which the space cold atomic clock improved the time measurement accuracy of human beings in space by one or two orders of magnitude, which is an important milestone in the development of space quantum technology. "China’s manned spaceflight project", "astronauts’ extravehicular activity" and "rendezvous and docking" (including space application system) won the special prize, first prize and special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2003, 2009 and 2013 respectively.

In the lunar exploration project, the National Astronomical Observatory is responsible for six major tasks, such as the formulation of scientific objectives, the ground application system, the detection of payload, the VLBI of the measurement and control system, the development of engineering supporting loads and critical parts, and the research of scientific data. Since 2004, the development and scientific exploration tasks of Chang ‘e-1, Chang ‘e-2 and Chang ‘e-3 projects have been successfully completed, and key technologies such as earth-moon data transmission link, earth-moon VLBI orbit determination, payload and scientific exploration data processing method have been broken through, and a series of major original achievements have been achieved, such as obtaining the brightness temperature and its distribution law of the whole moon for the first time in the world, discovering a new rock type in the landing area of Chang ‘e-3 and reconstructing the geological evolution history of the lunar rain area, which has made outstanding contributions to the lunar exploration project. "Lunar Exploration Project" and "Chang ‘e II Project" won the special prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2009 and 2012 respectively.

In the manned space flight and lunar exploration project, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has overcome a series of technical difficulties and achieved a large number of achievements with great scientific and application value, which has made important contributions to promoting the development of space science and space application in China and safeguarding national space security and strategic interests.

17. Development of Beidou satellite navigation system series satellites

Beidou satellite navigation system is the largest space system project in China’s space history, with the longest system construction period and the most complicated technology. It is a global satellite navigation system that is independently built and operated in China and is compatible with other satellite navigation systems in the world. As one of the main construction units, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Microsatellite Innovation Research Institute, the Shanghai Observatory, the National Time Service Center, the Wuhan Institute of Materials and Sciences, and the Photoelectric Institute have undertaken the global networking satellite tasks of Beidou-2, Global System Test Satellite and Beidou-3 MEO, leading the leap-forward development of China’s advanced satellite technology and making important contributions to the global networking of Beidou satellite navigation system.

In the global system test satellite mission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences independently developed and successfully launched two new generation global system test satellites, of which the first star was launched on March 30, 2015. This achievement won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017. In the Beidou-3 project, four groups of eight global networking satellites independently developed were successfully launched on January 12, March 30, August 25 and October 15, 2018 respectively. Key stand-alone machines and components such as the on-board atomic clock have been localized, and reliable guarantee has been provided in high-precision navigation, positioning and time service. The construction of this project marks the milestone of Beidou navigation system from regional to global.

Beidou satellite navigation system began to provide services to China and its surrounding areas at the end of 2000, and provided services to most parts of Asia-Pacific by the end of 2012. It is planned to serve countries and regions along the Belt and Road by the end of 2018, and complete global networking in 2020, which will generate extensive economic and social benefits in many fields such as transportation, marine fishery, hydrological monitoring, weather forecast, geodesy, intelligent driving test, disaster relief and reduction, mobile navigation, and car navigation.

18. Space science experiment series satellites

Since 2011, the Space Center has taken the lead, and many units inside and outside the Institute have participated in the implementation of the strategic pilot science and technology project of space science of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Through the independent and international cooperative scientific satellite program, a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in the frontier fields of related science, and related high-tech development has been promoted.

On December 17th, 2015, the dark matter particle detection satellite "Wukong" was successfully launched. This is the space detector with the widest observation range and the best energy resolution in the world so far. It has successfully obtained the highest precision electron cosmic ray energy spectrum in the world, and discovered the TeV inflection point and its fine structure above TeV for the first time.

On April 6, 2016, China’s first microgravity scientific experimental satellite "Practice 10" was successfully launched. The scientific goal is to study and reveal the laws of material movement and life activities under microgravity and space radiation conditions, and promote basic research such as life sciences and high-tech development such as ground bioengineering and new materials. The satellite capsule successfully returned on April 18th, and 15 of the 19 scientific experiments were the first in the world, and a number of important research results were obtained.

On August 16th, 2016, Mozi, the world’s first experimental satellite for quantum science, was successfully launched, which took the lead in realizing three scientific goals, namely, two-way quantum entanglement distribution between thousands of kilometers of satellites and places, high-speed quantum key distribution between satellites and places, and teleportation between satellites and places, marking China’s leading position in the field of quantum communication.

On June 15, 2017, China’s first hard X-ray modulated telescope satellite "Huiyan" was successfully launched. The satellite is a major space science project to study the frontier problems of dense celestial bodies such as black holes and neutron stars. It played an indispensable role in the joint observation of gravitational waves produced by the merger of two neutron stars announced by the National Science Foundation on October 16, 2017.

In addition, on December 22, 2016, the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully launched the first scientific experimental satellite for global carbon dioxide monitoring in China and the third in the world. This satellite can obtain the global atmospheric carbon dioxide distribution map and the global vegetation chlorophyll fluorescence distribution map every quarter, and the satellite data obtained by it is open to the world for sharing. The satellite provides basic data for research in the fields of greenhouse gas emission and carbon verification, provides data support for macro-decision-making such as energy conservation and emission reduction, and increases China’s voice in international carbon emission.

19. Deep sea scientific research and manned submersible technology

"Jiaolong" manned submersible is the first operational deep-sea manned submersible independently designed and integrated in China, and it is also the 40 operational manned submersibles with the deepest diving ability in the world. The Institute of Acoustics and Shenyang Institute of Automation respectively completed two key tasks (acoustic system and control system) in the three international leading technologies of Jiaolong, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. On June 27th, 2012, "Jiaolong" set a record for manned deep diving in China with a maximum dive of 7,062m, marking that China’s manned deep diving technology ranks among the advanced countries in the world, and its research and development and application won the first prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

In September 2012, the Institute of Oceanography built the "Science" comprehensive research ship for marine science, which has global navigation capability and all-weather observation capability, and is the most advanced scientific research ship in China. Taking this as the core, a world-class comprehensive exploration system for the deep sea has been built, which has significantly improved China’s deep sea exploration and research capabilities and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

From June to August, 2016, the Abyss Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences, organized by Deep Sea Institute, carried out the first comprehensive 10,000-meter Abyss expedition in the Challenger Abyss of Mariana Trench in China. Multi-type equipment broke through the depth of 10,000 meters and obtained a large number of biological and environmental samples of the 10,000-meter Abyss, which marked that the China Abyss expedition entered the 10,000-meter era. Shenyang Institute of Automation independently developed the 10,000-meter autonomous remote-controlled underwater robot "Haidou" (the maximum depth was 10,888 meters in February 2017), becoming the third country with the ability to develop 10,000-meter unmanned submersible after Japan and the United States.

In 2017, the "Haiyi" water glider independently developed by Shenyang Institute of Automation broke the world diving depth record for three times, with a maximum diving depth of 6,329 meters and continuous working hours at sea for more than three months, making China the second country after the United States with the ability to independently move ocean observation across seasons.

The "Deep Sea Warrior", which was developed by Institute of Acoustics, Shenyang Institute of Automation and Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and led by Deep Sea Institute, is the second deep-sea manned submersible with independent intellectual property rights in China. The underwater working depth is 4,500 meters, and the localization rate is as high as 95%. From August to October, 2017, the manned submersible engineering test was successfully carried out in the South China Sea. From March to June, 2018, the "Deep Sea Warrior" carried out high-frequency, high-intensity and complex sea conditions in the South China Sea around many application scenarios such as deep-sea science, deep-sea archaeology and deep-sea rescue, and achieved fruitful results.

In addition, since the 1980s, the South China Sea Institute of Oceanography has taken the lead in carrying out comprehensive scientific investigations on Nansha Islands and its adjacent sea areas with 32 units across the country, and obtained a large number of data and information on hydrology, geology, biology and oil and gas resources, which not only enriched and developed the basic theory of tropical marine science in China, but also provided an important scientific basis for safeguarding the sovereignty and maritime rights and interests of Nansha Islands in China, and was of great application value to resource development, environmental protection and comprehensive management in the South China Sea.

The key technological breakthroughs in deep-sea scientific research and manned submersible have promoted the overall improvement of China’s marine science and technology, realized the leap from integrated innovation to independent innovation of China’s deep-sea equipment, and provided important scientific and technological support for China to manage the ocean and build a maritime power.

20. Research on Quantum Communication and Quantum Computing

In quantum communication research, China University of Science and Technology is at the international leading level in developing long-distance quantum communication network technology. In February 2012, the world’s first large-scale metropolitan quantum communication network was built. In August 2017, Mozi, the world’s first experimental satellite for quantum science, realized the two-way quantum entanglement distribution, high-speed quantum key distribution and teleportation of satellites for thousands of kilometers for the first time in the world. "Tiangong-2" successfully realized the satellite-ground quantum key distribution based on miniaturized terminals. In September 2017, the world’s first quantum communication "Beijing-Shanghai trunk line" connecting multiple cities was officially opened; At the same time, the world’s first intercontinental quantum video communication is realized by combining the heaven-earth link of "Beijing-Shanghai trunk line" and "Mozi", which indicates that China has built the embryonic form of a wide-area quantum communication network integrating heaven and earth.

In the research of quantum computing, China University of Science and Technology is in an international leading position in the preparation and manipulation of multi-particle quantum entanglement, and has kept the world record of entangled photons since 2004. In 2015, the teleportation of multi-degree-of-freedom quantum system was successfully realized for the first time in the world, and it was rated as the top ten major breakthroughs in international physics by the British Physical Society that year. The research results of multiphoton entanglement and interferometry won the first prize of the 2015 National Natural Science Award. In December 2016, ten-photon entanglement was realized for the first time in the world, which once again set a new world record for the preparation of photon entangled States.

In May 2017, the world’s first quantum computer prototype based on a single photon was independently developed, and 10 superconducting qubits were entangled, which was selected as the leading scientific and technological achievement in the 4th world internet conference. In February, 2018, the cloud platform of quantum computing developed jointly with Alibaba Cloud was launched, becoming the second system in the world to provide more than 10-bit quantum computing cloud services to the public after IBM. In July 2018, the entanglement of 18 optical qubits was realized for the first time in the world, which set a new world record for the preparation of the largest entangled state in all physical systems.

21. Key technologies of VLSI

After more than 30 years’ efforts, Shanghai Microsystems broke through the technologies of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and 12-inch large silicon wafer respectively, successfully developed and industrialized 48-inch SOI and 12-inch large silicon wafer with core independent intellectual property rights, formulated the first enterprise standard of SOI technology in China, broke the foreign technology blockade, and entered the international high-end silicon-based materials market, which was a major breakthrough in silicon integrated circuit technology and microelectronic materials in China. Won the first prize of the 2006 National Science and Technology Progress Award and the 2007 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The Institute of Microelectronics led the organization of the National Industry-University-Research Alliance. After seven years of tackling key problems, it has successively broken through key technologies such as 22nm high-k dielectric/metal gate engineering, 14nm FinFET devices, new flash memory devices, manufacturability design, etc., and formed a systematic layout of intellectual property rights on key process modules (2,406 patents, including 483 international patents). In 2013, it realized the license transfer to large manufacturing enterprises for the first time, and entered the stage of industrial development, which was at the nanometer level in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

22. High performance computing

In 1983, the computer of the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" project jointly developed by the Institute of Computing Technology and more than 80 units inside and outside the Institute passed the appraisal for thousands of times. This is the first large-scale vector computer system independently researched, designed and trial-produced in China, and won the first prize of the 1985 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

In 1995, the institute broke through some key technologies of large-scale parallel processing, successfully developed Dawning 1000 large-scale parallel computer system, and won the first prize of the 1997 National Science and Technology Progress Award. The Dawning 4000 series high-performance computers successfully developed in 2004 have the ability of 10 trillion floating-point operations, which makes China’s high-performance computing technology and industry rank among the top ten in the world and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005. Dawning 5000A, which was successfully developed in 2008, continues to rank tenth in the 32nd TOP500 list of global high-performance computers. Dawn "Nebula" successfully developed in 2010 is the first supercomputer with measured performance exceeding petaflops in China, ranking second in the world. From 2009 to 2016, Dawning series supercomputers ranked first in the market share of high-performance computers in China for 8 consecutive years.

The Institute of Software has long been committed to the software research and development of a series of domestic high-performance computers such as Yu Shuguang, Lenovo, Shenwei and Tianhe, and has developed a new generation of high-performance common basic algorithm libraries and a domain decomposition algorithm suitable for large heterogeneous environments. It broke through the key technology of fully implicit solver design under the scale of 10 million cores and won the highest international award for high performance computing application in 2016 — — Gordon Bell Award and 2017 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

23. Research and development of domestic chips and system software

In 2002, godson-1, China’s first self-developed general-purpose processor chip, was successfully developed by Compute, which indicated that China had initially mastered the key design technologies of contemporary general-purpose processor chips. In 2003, China’s first 64-bit general-purpose processor chip "Godson 2B" was successfully developed. In 2009, China’s first multi-core general processor chip "Godson 3A" was successfully developed. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003. After more than 10 years of research and development, "Godson" has formed three product series, such as embedded application, desktop application and server, which are used in Beidou navigation satellite, party and government office, digital TV, education, industrial control, network security and national defense.

In recent years, the institute has developed the world’s first deep learning processor chip — — "CAMBRIAN" can improve the energy efficiency of intelligent processing by more than 100 times compared with traditional chips such as general-purpose processors, and is applied to tens of millions of mobile phones such as Huawei Mate10, Glory V10 and P20. In November 2016, it was selected as the third leading scientific and technological achievement in world internet conference. In 2016, it hatched the world’s first artificial intelligence chip unicorn company.

In 1983, based on the research on the theory and design of software engineering environment of sequential logic, the Institute of Software proposed the world’s first executable sequential logic language XYZ/E, which can support the whole process of software development and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1989.

In 1985, Lenovo Group, which was hatched by computer, successfully developed the Lenovo Chinese character microcomputer system LX-PC and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988. In 1990, Lenovo ELSA486/50 microcomputer and test system were successfully developed and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992.

24. Robot and artificial intelligence technology

In 1995, Shenyang Institute of Automation took the lead in developing the 6000m autonomous underwater robot (CR-01). In 1995 and 1997, it went to the Pacific Ocean twice to carry out investigations, which enabled China to conduct detailed exploration of most sea areas except trenches. The related technologies and capabilities ranked among the top in the world and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1998.

In 2012, the Institute independently developed China’s first 6000m unmanned cableless submersible (AUV) "Qianlong No.1", which has the functions of automatic orientation, depth setting, height setting, vertical and lateral movement, closed-loop control of position and path, and remote navigation on the water surface. In 2014, "Qianlong II" was successfully developed, which has high intelligent autonomous obstacle avoidance ability and stable navigation control ability, marking that China’s underwater autonomous robot technology has reached the international advanced level.

The industrial robot technology of the institute has been successfully industrialized, and the market share of mobile robots of Xinsong Company continues to be the first in the world. In recent years, special robots have been developed, such as mobile robots for polar scientific research on ice and snow, rotary-wing flying robots, nano-operating robots, ultra-high voltage line inspection robots, and anti-terrorism explosion-proof robot.

The first full-size humanoid rescue robot "Yugong" developed by Hefei Research Institute in 2013 has the ability of autonomous walking and multi-task operation in complex environment, reaching the international advanced level.

In 1999, Hanwang Technology Company, which was hatched by Institute of Automation, developed the world’s first handwritten Chinese character input system with large character set — — The recognition method and system of handwritten Chinese characters in Lian Bi of Hanwang Deformation won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2001.

Iris recognition technology, face recognition technology, voice recognition technology, intelligent video surveillance technology, molecular imaging technology, etc. developed by Institute of Automation have been widely used, and AI program "CASIA- Prophet 1.0" and bionic robot fish’s high efficiency and high maneuverability control have been important applications in specific fields.

In 1992, the Institute of Computing Technology developed an intelligent English-Chinese machine translation system IMT/EC(IMT/863), which won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1995, opening the way for Chinese machine translation technology to enter the international market.

Iflytek Company is at the international leading level in the field of intelligent voice and artificial intelligence core technology, and has set a new world record in top international competitions and authoritative evaluation for many times, ranking sixth in the list of "50 Smartest Companies in the World" in 2017 by MIT Science and Technology Review.

25. Advanced nuclear energy research

In the field of nuclear fusion, Hefei Research Institute independently designed, built and operated the world’s first fully superconducting noncircular cross-section tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device (EAST, commonly known as "Small Sun"), which established an important experimental platform for the world’s steady-state near-core fusion physics and engineering research. The project was established in July 1998, started in October 2000, and passed the acceptance in March 2007. On July 3, 2017, EAST obtained the plasma driven by completely non-inductive current (steady state) with high confinement mode for more than 100 seconds, becoming the first tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device in the world to realize the operation duration of steady state with high confinement mode of 100 seconds. Its scientific research results provide experimental support for the long pulse and high confinement operation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and provide experimental support for the next generation fusion device in China — — The design and pre-research of China Fusion Engineering Experimental Reactor (CFETR) laid the foundation. The construction and operation of EAST has made China’s Tokamak research go to the forefront of the world and become one of the most important international research centers in this field. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2007, the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2008 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2013.

In the field of nuclear fission, in 2011, the Institute of Modern Physics took the lead in researching the key core technology of Accelerator Drive System (ADS). In 2016, the advanced nuclear energy system scheme driven by Accelerator was put forward for the first time in the world and a prototype was built, which integrated the safe disposal of nuclear waste, the proliferation of nuclear fuel and the production capacity. The utilization rate of uranium resources can be increased from less than 1% at present to over 95%, the amount of treated nuclear waste is less than 4% of spent fuel, and the radiation life can be shortened from hundreds of thousands of years to about 50%. In recent years, Shanghai Yingwu Institute has taken the lead in building the Thorium-based molten salt reactor (Cold) Experimental Research Base, realizing the prototype system of Thorium-uranium cycle, reactor body engineering design, series of high-temperature molten salt circuits, safety and licensing and a series of key technological breakthroughs, leading the international research and development of Thorium-based molten salt reactor, and laying a scientific and technological foundation for the construction of experimental reactors.

26. Super laser technology and device

Ultra-intense and ultra-short laser is considered as the brightest light source known to mankind, which can create unprecedented comprehensive extreme physical conditions of ultra-intense electromagnetic field, ultra-high energy density and ultra-fast time scale in the laboratory, and has great application value in the fields of desktop accelerator, attosecond science, ultra-fast chemistry, material science, laser fusion, nuclear physics and medicine, and high-energy physics.

In 2002, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics broke through the key science and technology of new principle series of ultra-short laser with optical parameter chirped pulse amplification, and obtained 16.7 terawatt laser output with peak power one order of magnitude higher than that of similar international research, and won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2004. In 2011, the Institute of Physics adopted high contrast chirped pulse amplification technology, and for the first time in the world, the femtosecond Ti: sapphire amplification laser device was used to obtain the peak power greater than 1 petawatt. In 2013 and 2016, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics successively developed 2-watt and 5-watt laser systems that set the world’s highest peak laser power record at that time. In 2017, it was the first to realize 10-watt laser amplification output, leading the international frontier of super laser science.

Since the 1960s, as the birthplace and core team of laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) device research in China, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics has successively completed the construction of Shenguang I and Shenguang II series high-power laser devices, providing core strategic support for the frontier research of high-energy density physics and the national strategic high-tech development. Shenguang I device (Laser No.12 experimental device), which was built in 1986, marked a major breakthrough in the five-in-one experimental research of ICF in China and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990. Shenguang ⅱ device completed in 2001 and the only multifunctional probe system successfully developed in China in 2005; The Shenguang driver upgrade device that passed the acceptance in 2017 has become a comprehensive research platform for quick fire and advanced flash photography capabilities, which is the core of ICF research in China.

27. Manufacturing technology of high-precision diffraction grating and large-aperture silicon carbide reflector

Diffraction grating is a kind of precision optical element with nanometer precision periodic microstructure, and it is the "heart" of all kinds of spectral instruments. It has important applications in astronomy, optical communication, lasers, information storage, inertial confinement laser nuclear fusion and many other fields. It is a worldwide problem to make the grating bigger and finer, and the grating scribing machine, as the master machine for making gratings, is known as the "king of precision machinery". After years of hard work, Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics broke through a series of key core technologies, and independently developed a large-scale high-precision diffraction grating scribing system in November 2016, and successfully scribed the world’s largest stepped grating (400 mm× 500 mm), which solved the problem of "having a device without a heart" in China’s spectral instruments, broke foreign monopoly and blockade, and improved the ability of China’s spectral instrument industry to move towards high-end and expand the international market. Large-aperture optical mirror is the core component of high-resolution space Earth observation, deep space exploration and astronomical observation system. Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic material is internationally recognized as a high-performance mirror material. China is totally dependent on imports and has long been controlled by people. Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics has completed the manufacture of the largest diameter 4m silicon carbide mirror in international public reports, the preparation of silicon carbide mirror blank, aspheric surface processing inspection and modified coating. The core manufacturing equipment and manufacturing process have independent intellectual property rights, and passed the acceptance in August 2018. This achievement marks a major technological breakthrough in the field of large-aperture optical manufacturing in China.It is of great strategic significance for China’s basic research, disaster prevention and mitigation, public safety and national defense security to form the development capability of large-aperture series mirrors.

28. Scientific investigation and research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the roof of the world, the water tower of Asia and the roof of the world of the earth, is an important ecological security barrier and strategic resource reserve base in China, and an important protected area of Chinese national culture, which is of great significance for studying the evolution of the earth and life, global climate change and the sustainable development of mankind.

On the basis of comprehensive scientific investigations in areas such as Mount Everest in the 1960s, from 1973 to 1980, the Natural Resources Comprehensive Investigation Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with thousands of experts from nearly 80 units across the country, carried out the first comprehensive and systematic comprehensive scientific investigation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, accumulated a large number of first-hand scientific investigation materials, and made pioneering achievements in many aspects such as the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on the natural environment and human activities. It fills the blank of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau research, establishes China’s leading position in comprehensive scientific research on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and also provides scientific basis for ecological protection and economic and social development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

Since then, the relevant units of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have successively organized and carried out Hengduan Mountain (1981-1986) and Karakorum Mountain — Kunlun Mountain (1987-1992), Hoh Xil (1989-1990, 2005), Mount Everest (2005), Guriya Ice Cap in West Kunlun (2015) and many other large-scale comprehensive scientific investigations.

In August 2017, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Institute initiated the second comprehensive scientific investigation and study on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, focusing on water, ecology and human activities. Through long-term large-scale positioning monitoring and large-scale systematic in-depth investigation, the technology, means and methods of investigation and study were innovated, and the environmental problems such as water, ecology and human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied, revealing the environmental change mechanism of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on human society, which will promote the sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, optimize the ecological security barrier system,

29 Qinghai-Tibet Railway Engineering Frozen Soil Subgrade Road Construction Technology and Demonstration Project

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project, which attracts worldwide attention, is of great significance to promoting regional economic and social development, national unity and safeguarding national strategic security. The thawing settlement of frozen soil subgrade and effective protection of permafrost are the biggest problems facing the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

Climate change through drought and drought — Frozen soil — Engineering — The comprehensive study of environment creatively puts forward a new design idea of cooling subgrade and reducing the temperature of permafrost, and carries out integrated research and engineering demonstration of engineering technical measures, which provides scientific basis and design parameters for railway construction; A new concept of dynamic feedback design is put forward, which realizes the transformation of engineering design from static to dynamic. A long-term monitoring platform for the stability of permafrost engineering of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been built to support the long-term operation and maintenance of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

This series of research results have comprehensively improved the technical level of road construction in permafrost regions in China, effectively solved the major technical problems in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway, and also have important guiding significance and wide application value for the study of engineering construction and environmental evolution in permafrost regions, with remarkable economic and social benefits. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2017. "Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project" won the special prize of 2008 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

30. Theory, technology and equipment for deep earth resources exploration.

In terms of deposit geochemistry, the Institute of Geochemistry has systematically studied 250 stratabound deposits of 17 important minerals in China, demonstrated the concept, terminology, metallogenic method and mechanism of stratabound deposits, and put forward a stratabound metallogenic theory in line with China’s geological conditions. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

In the theory of deep resource exploration, the Institute of Geological Earth has established the theoretical system of "North China Craton Destruction", developed the theory of plate tectonics and the morphological theory of geomagnetic polarity conversion field, led the study of continental evolution, and promoted the international status of solid earth science research in China; This paper reveals the internal relationship between Mesozoic large-scale mineralization in North China and craton failure, and puts forward a new metallogenic prediction model, which provides a scientific basis for deep resource exploration in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

In terms of deep resource detection technology and equipment, the Institute has developed high-performance magnetic field sensors and ground electromagnetic detection systems with independent intellectual property rights, put forward short-offset transient electromagnetic exploration methods, solved related supporting materials and technological problems, expanded the electromagnetic detection depth of active sources from several hundred meters to several kilometers, and realized large-depth, high-precision, high-speed and low-cost detection in a large range. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

In recent years, the Institute has taken the lead in developing eight sets of equipment, such as satellite magnetic load measurement, airborne superconducting full tensor magnetic gradient measurement device, airborne transient electromagnetic prospecting instrument, prospecting gravimeter, multi-channel high-power electrical prospecting instrument, metal mine seismic detection system, deep deposit logging system and combined submarine seismic detection equipment. The key technologies have filled the domestic gap, and many technical indicators have reached the international level. Some of the equipment have broken foreign monopoly and supported China’s "March into the deep part of the earth".

Facing the main battlefield of national economy

31. Huanghuaihai Science and Technology Battle and Bohai Granary Science and Technology Demonstration Project

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized many scientific research units and thousands of scientific and technological workers inside and outside the Academy, in five provinces and two cities, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Lu Yu, Anhui and Jiangsu. In view of the long-term low and unstable grain output caused by various natural disasters such as drought, waterlogging, saline-alkali and so on, it established a comprehensive agricultural management model for low-and medium-yield areas in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. After more than 20 years of scientific and technological research and production practice, it transformed 13.78 million mu of low-and medium-yield fields, increasing the grain yield per mu from 1 "Research and development of comprehensive management of middle and low yield areas in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain" won the special prize of the 1993 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

On this basis, in 2013, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology joined forces with Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Tianjin and other provinces and cities to launch the "Bohai Granary Science and Technology Demonstration Project". In view of the shortage of fresh water resources and the saline-alkali wasteland restricting food production and the development of modern agriculture in the low plain around the Bohai Sea, we focused on breaking through key technologies such as soil, fertilizer, water and seeds, integrated the construction of technical systems for increasing grain production in different types of areas, and established large-scale demonstration areas, and achieved a series of significant progress and achievements. In 2013-2017, a total of 80.16 million mu was popularized, increasing grain by 10.5 billion kilograms and saving water by 4.3 billion cubic meters; It is estimated that by 2020, the annual output will increase by 5 billion kilograms.

As an organizer and pioneer, Chinese Academy of Sciences has played an important role in the comprehensive management of agriculture in the middle and low-yield areas of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and the demonstration project of science and technology in Bohai granary, and has made great contributions to improving the level of modern agricultural science and technology in China and ensuring national food security.

32 clean and efficient use of coal core technology and industrial demonstration

Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemical Industry independently developed the indirect liquefaction technology of high-temperature iron-based slurry bed coal, and the key technical indicators were internationally leading, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005. The first batch of three million-ton industrialization demonstration projects with this technology as the core have made great progress. Shenhua Ningmei 4 million tons/year and Inner Mongolia Yitai Hangjinqi 1 million tons/year coal indirect liquefaction projects have successfully achieved full load and overload operation respectively; Shanxi Lu ‘an 1 million tons/year coal indirect liquefaction demonstration project has also been put into production and is moving towards full load operation. The successful realization of large-scale industrial demonstration and popularization and application of this technology indicates that China has mastered the world’s leading industrial core technology of the million-ton coal indirect liquefaction project.

Dalian Institute of Chemicals has developed a complete set of industrialized technology for preparing low-carbon olefins (DMTO) from methanol with independent intellectual property rights. The conversion rate of methanol is nearly 100%, and the selectivity of low-carbon olefins reaches 90%, which is at the leading level in the world. On August 8, 2010, the world’s first industrial plant (Shenhua Baotou) with 1.8 million tons of coal-based methanol to 600,000 tons of olefins was successfully started, achieving a zero breakthrough in the industrialization of coal-based olefins in the world. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Technological Invention Award in 2014. By the end of 2017, DMTO technology has licensed 24 units with an olefin production capacity of 13.88 million tons/year (about 1/3 of the country); Twelve units were put into operation, with an olefin production capacity of 6.46 million tons/year. In January, 2017, the technology of producing ethanol from coal by dimethyl ether carbonylation (DMTE) was successfully extended to 100,000 tons/year industrial demonstration in Shaanxi. This technology can also be used to produce anhydrous ethanol from the tail gas of coking plants or steel mills.

In 2016, Dalian Institute of Chemical Industry broke through the water-gas shift mode with high water consumption and high energy consumption in the field of coal chemical industry for more than 90 years, created a new route of one-step high-efficiency olefin production from coal-based syngas, and created a new way of coal conversion with low water consumption in principle.

In 2008, Fujian Institute of Biological Research pioneered a complete set of technologies for the synthesis of oxalate by gas-phase catalytic synthesis of 10,000 tons of carbon monoxide and ethylene glycol by catalytic hydrogenation of oxalate, and successfully realized the world’s first 200,000 tons/year industrial demonstration device for the production of ethylene glycol from coal in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, which changed the long-term dependence of China’s ethylene glycol raw materials on imports and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. Six sets of devices have been technically licensed and put into operation, forming a production capacity of 1.2 million tons.

The core technology and industrial demonstration of clean and efficient utilization of coal have improved the research level of new coal chemical industry in China, broken through a number of strategic key technologies, and occupied the commanding heights of international technology in some directions, providing key technical support for enterprise transformation, industrial upgrading and strategic emerging industry development, which is of great strategic significance for China to give play to its advantages in coal resources, ease the shortage of oil resources, ensure energy security and protect the ecological environment.

33. Nonlinear optical crystal research and equipment development

In 1979 and 1986, Fujian Institute of Physics invented a new type of nonlinear optical crystal — — Low temperature phase lithium metaborate (β -－BaB2O4 (BBO) and lithium triborate (LiB3O5, LBO). BBO is the first ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal with practical value in the world, and LBO is the first choice for frequency conversion in visible and ultraviolet regions, especially for high-power devices, which has broad application space in scientific research, precision machining, information communication, medical treatment, semiconductor and other industries. LBO won the first prize of National Technological Invention Award in 1991. The development of BBO and LBO crystal materials and components broke the foreign monopoly, and Fujing Science and Technology Company, which was hatched with this technology as the core, maintained the position of the world’s largest manufacturer of nonlinear optical crystals and laser crystals for a long time.

After more than 20 years’ efforts, the Institute of Physics and Chemistry has made a breakthrough in deep ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal and laser technology, taking the lead in breaking through the large-scale growth technology of nonlinear optical crystal KBBF(KBe2BO3F2) and the precise and practical deep ultraviolet all-solid-state laser technology in the world, and developed a series of practical and precise deep ultraviolet all-solid-state laser sources, and successfully developed a series of internationally pioneering/leading deep ultraviolet laser sources in cooperation with the Institute of Physics, Dalian Institute of Chemistry and Semiconductor Institute. Light source — Equipment — Scientific research — Industrialization "in innovation chain marks that China has become the only country in the world that can manufacture practical and precise deep ultraviolet solid-state lasers.

In 1984, icosahedral quasicrystals with five symmetries were found in the rapidly quenched Ti-Ni-V alloy where the metal was located, which strongly demonstrated the existence of quasicrystals, broke the traditional classification standard of crystals and amorphous materials for solid materials, and opened up a new research field for the study of material microstructure and materials. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987. This achievement and subsequent related research work have accumulated a theoretical basis for promoting the development and application of new materials such as aerospace quasicrystal thermal barrier coatings, solar selective absorption films, quasicrystal composite materials and quasicrystal thermoelectric materials.

34. Stem cells and regenerative medicine research

In 2009, animals used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) for the first time by injecting tetraploid blastocysts, which proved the totipotency of iPS cells for the first time in the world, providing a technical platform for further research on the application of iPS technology in stem cells, developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. Since then, the institute has also taken the lead in establishing mammalian parthenogenetic and parthenogenetic haploid embryonic stem cell lines, and formed a technical system for screening and researching functional genes with international advantages; It is found that parthenogenetic haploid stem cells can replace sperm after genome imprinting modification, and a new method of "same-sex reproduction" is established.

In 2012, Guangzhou Institute of Biological Sciences used urine epithelial cells to induce the production of neural stem cells, which provided a new way for the treatment of neurological diseases.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Molecular Cell Science successfully used transdifferentiation technology to construct hepatocytes, developed a new type of bioartificial liver, treated and saved more than 10 patients with liver failure, and realized industrial transformation.

Since 2015, the Institute of Genetic Development has used nerve regeneration collagen scaffold combined with cell transplantation to treat spinal cord injury and achieved good results; From 2013 to 2018, the treatment of endometrial injury and premature ovarian failure with stem cells combined with collagen scaffold materials was successful, which is expected to become an effective treatment for female reproductive system diseases.

35. New drug creation

Shanghai Institute of Medicine innovatively developed salvianolic acid salt and its powder for injection, and obtained the new drug certificate and production approval in May 2005, which was rated as the most competitive drug in China pharmaceutical industry. Since it was put into production in 2006, the cumulative sales revenue has exceeded 20 billion yuan, benefiting more than 15 million patients, which has a demonstration role in the modernization of Chinese medicine in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013.

In 2009, it took more than 10 years for the institute to independently develop the first national first-class fluoroquinolones antibacterial drug with independent intellectual property rights in China — — Antofloxacin hydrochloride has significantly improved antibacterial activity and metabolic properties, breaking the situation that China has long relied on generic drugs.

After more than 20 years’ efforts, on July 17, 2018, the third phase clinical trial of mannose oligosaccharide diacid (GV-971) jointly developed by the Institute was completed, and the curative effect was obvious, marking a major breakthrough in the new drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease with independent intellectual property rights in China. GV-971′ s novel mode of action and unique multi-target action characteristics have subverted the traditional understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease in the world medical community and opened up a new path for drug research and development of Alzheimer’s disease.

In 1986, Chengdu Institute of Biology developed "Di ‘ao Xinxuekang", a pure Chinese medicine preparation for preventing and treating coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. In 1988, it was listed as a national new drug. Based on this achievement, Chengdu Di ‘ao Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., founded by Chinese Academy of Sciences, is one of the first national top 100 high-tech enterprises. On March 14th, 2012, "Di ‘ao Xinxuekang" capsule was listed in the Netherlands, becoming the first therapeutic drug with independent intellectual property rights registered and listed in the European Union.

In 2014, Shanghai Organic Institute developed the tumor immune targeting small molecule inhibitor (IDO) "indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase", which can be used to treat prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer and other tumor diseases. In September 2017, the license was transferred to local biopharmaceutical enterprises for US$ 457 million.

36. Research on distant hybridization and molecular breeding.

After more than 50 years of unremitting efforts, the Institute of Genetic Development has cultivated a new wheat variety "Xiaoyan" series of distant hybridization between wheat and thinopyrum, which has opened up a new way for wheat chromosome engineering breeding. Xiaoyan 6 is not only popularized in a large area and for a long time, but also one of the most important backbone parents of wheat breeding in China, and has derived more than 80 high-yield and high-quality wheat varieties. In 2006, the Institute passed the national examination and approval of the wheat variety "Conon of Samos 199" and became one of the main varieties planted in Huanghuai wheat area.

After more than ten years of tackling key problems, the Institute has comprehensively applied genomics, computational biology, systematic biology and synthetic biology to create a systematic solution and new breeding technology for the new generation of rice super varieties. The molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance, heterosis, broad-spectrum disease resistance and yield balance of rice were deeply analyzed in theory. New rice modular varieties, such as "Zhongke 804", "Zhongke 902" and "Jiayou Zhongke" series, which are suitable for different ecological areas such as the northeast rice region and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, have been cultivated, and the synergistic improvement of rice quality, high yield and multi-resistance has been realized. This achievement marks the initial establishment of a new system of molecular module breeding technology in China, which leads the world in the research of modern breeding theory and the cultivation of a new generation of design varieties. It is the third major breakthrough after the "green revolution" in agriculture and hybrid rice. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013 and the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2017.

37. Research and demonstration of marine ecological pasture.

In view of the serious decline of China’s offshore fishery resources and the serious deterioration of marine ecological environment, the Institute of Oceanography put forward an innovative idea of "marine agriculture and animal husbandry" in the offshore waters from the 1970s, and conducted experiments and demonstrations in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province and Daya Bay, Guangdong Province, focusing on the dominant aquatic economic types such as fish, prawns, sea cucumbers, shellfish and algae, developing high-quality new germplasm creation and healthy aquaculture technology research and development, and establishing bay-type and island-reef-type that can be replicated and popularized. Among them, "Introduction, Breeding, Breeding Research and Application of Bay Scallop" won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990.

On this basis, the Institute continued to innovate key technologies and facilities for the construction of marine ecological environment, formulated standards for the construction of marine ecological pasture, and realized the development of marine ecological environment from local restoration to system construction, biological resources from production restoration to ecological restoration, and resources and environment from single monitoring and evaluation to comprehensive early warning and forecasting. In 2015-2017, five demonstration areas of marine ecological pasture were built in Dalian, Tangshan, Yantai and Rizhao, with an application demonstration area of 456,000 mu. The ecological environment was significantly improved, and the ecosystem became more stable. Most of the core areas maintained the first-class water quality, the economic biological species increased by 29%-46%, the resources increased by more than 2 times, and the average annual income of fishermen increased from 50,000 yuan to 110,000 yuan.

38. Disaster relief through science and technology

For a long time, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been adhering to the concept of innovation for the people and serving the country with science and technology, actively exerting the advantages of science and technology and talents, developing remote sensing monitoring and prevention technologies for natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudslides, droughts, sandstorms, fires and red tides, putting forward a series of theories and methods for disaster prevention and mitigation, and developing a number of high-end equipment urgently needed for disaster relief, which has played an important role in supporting science and technology, providing scientific and timely think tank support for major national and regional disaster prevention and relief decisions, and safeguarding the people.

In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, the 2010 Yushu earthquake in Qinghai and the Zhouqu mudslide disaster in Gansu, the 2013 Ya ‘an earthquake in Sichuan, and the 2014 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan, more than 20 units including Remote Sensing Earth Institute, Chengdu Mountain Institute, Geographical Resources Institute, Shanghai Microsystems Institute and Psychology Institute, Using the advantages of scientific and technological accumulation and technical talents in satellite and aerial remote sensing monitoring technology, disaster monitoring equipment such as unmanned aerial vehicles, emergency energy, wireless emergency communication equipment, search and rescue robots, geographic information data and demonstration systems, disease prevention and epidemic prevention, low-cost medical care, emergency drinking water equipment, psychological assistance, and evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity, it has provided important technical support and decision-making consulting services in emergency relief, disaster investigation, secondary disaster prevention, post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.

39. China Ecosystem Research Network.

Since 1988, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has integrated the field observation and research stations of relevant research institutes and established the China Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), aiming at studying the changing laws of the structure and function, process and pattern of China’s ecosystems through long-term monitoring and experiments in different regions and different types of ecosystems in China, combining remote sensing and model simulation, carrying out optimal management and demonstration of ecosystems, improving the research level of ecology and related disciplines in China, and making contributions to China’s ecological and environmental protection, rational utilization of resources and national sustainable development.

After 30 years of construction and development, CERN has become a national science and technology platform integrating ecosystem dynamic monitoring, scientific research, technical demonstration, scientific consultation and popular science education, including 44 ecological stations, 5 sub-centers of disciplines and a comprehensive research center. It has accumulated a large amount of monitoring and experimental data and achieved a series of research results, which has promoted scientific and technological progress and ecological civilization construction in China’s ecological environment field. Won the first prize of 2012 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station, founded in 1955, is the earliest field long-term comprehensive observation research station established by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Based on a large number of monitoring and tests, a railway protection system model of "solid-oriented, solid-resistance combined" in sandy area was put forward, which ensured the construction and smooth operation of baotou-lanzhou railway crossing mobile sand dunes and was widely popularized. "The establishment of railway sand control protection system in Shapotou section of Baolan line" won the special prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988. Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station joined CERN in 1992 and became the national field scientific observation research station in 2006.

40. Study on regional spatial development and functional zoning

Since the mid-20th century, the Institute of Geography and Nanjing Institute of Geography have presided over the comprehensive agricultural regionalization in China. In 1981, the first comprehensive agricultural regionalization in China was compiled, which comprehensively and systematically discussed the characteristics of agricultural resources, production status and agricultural regionalization scheme in China for the first time, providing an important scientific basis for the macro-decision of agricultural production structure and layout in China, and laying a theoretical and practical foundation for the follow-up agricultural regionalization in China. Won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985.

In 1984, the Institute of Geographical Resources put forward the "point-axis system" theory of China’s socio-economic spatial organization and the "T-shaped" spatial framework of land development and economic layout, which scientifically reflected the spatial combination framework of China’s economic development potential and was written into the national land planning outline in 1987. Since then, the Institute has established the theory of regional function and the technical specification of main function zoning, researched and compiled the first national main function zoning plan in China, which was incorporated into the national planning and upgraded to the national strategy and basic system, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. In 2015, the Institute used the series of research methods and early warning models to diagnose the state of regional sustainable development in China for the first time. The above achievements play an important role in promoting the modernization of China’s land space governance system and governance capacity and promoting the construction of ecological civilization.