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On the evening of October 14th, Jiangsu Normal University released a message in the official Weibo, confirming the previous media report that dozens of students in the school had tuberculosis, and said that "at present, 22 patients have dropped out of school for standardized treatment".

According to the official report of Jiangsu Normal University, after the students returned to school in early September this year, all teachers, students and logistics staff of Pan ‘anhu Campus of Jiangsu Normal University conducted tuberculin test screening and chest X-ray examination from September 11 to 17.

From October 10th to 11th, the teachers and students who were strongly positive in tuberculin test and in key classes were screened by CT. After CT screening, 43 students were found to have abnormal chest CT images, which need further diagnosis and exclusion. (Source: The Paper)

When it comes to tuberculosis, everyone’s general understanding is "hasn’t tuberculosis been eliminated yet?" China still has tuberculosis? " Many people’s understanding of tuberculosis still stays in Sister Lin in A Dream of Red Mansions or "Human Blood Steamed Bread" written by Lu Xun.

But in fact, tuberculosis is still the second most deadly disease among all legal infectious diseases in China.

Therefore, although the impression of tuberculosis has faded in the post-90 s and post-00 s, it is still threatening our health. It is necessary for us to take out tuberculosis again and tell you about this "white plague".

How terrible tuberculosis is, let’s look at the data.

In the past, people in our country "talked about the color change of tuberculosis", and the saying of "ten tuberculosis and nine deaths" was circulated for a long time. It is conceivable that tuberculosis has caused deep mental and physical trauma to our people.

In recent years, due to the emergence of AIDS and drug-resistant strains, tuberculosis has risen again.

According to WHO statistics, China is one of the 22nd countries with serious tuberculosis epidemic, and it is also one of the 27th countries with serious MDR-TB epidemic in the world. At present, the annual incidence of tuberculosis in China is 1.3 million, accounting for 14.3% of the global incidence, ranking second in the world.

Source: Public Health Science Data Center.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a very special kind of bacteria. It has no flagella for exercise and no fimbriae that can be attached to others. It is not resistant to high temperature and its culture conditions are harsh. In the words of the etiology teacher, it is delicate and changeable. So how did such a delicate bacterium evolve into a frightening "white plague"?

The reason lies in its "fickle".

People infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are mainly divided into primary infection and secondary infection. Primary infection refers to the first time that people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When we are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the first time, if we don’t get rid of all the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some "remnants" of tuberculosis will lurk in our bodies. When our immunity is low, they will rise up again and let us be infected again.

Generally speaking, tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and treat, which is worthy of its title of "white plague". In addition, compared with COVID-19, where the incubation period is 7-14 days, it is difficult for tuberculosis to appear as an explosive pandemic because of its long incubation period, which explains why there is a rare outbreak of tuberculosis in history, but the number of tuberculosis is still huge.

Why do you still get tuberculosis after BCG vaccination?

Since 1978, BCG has been included in children’s immunization program in China. Up to now, more than billions of people have been vaccinated with BCG. Theoretically, all the students in Jiangsu Normal University have been vaccinated, so why do they still get tuberculosis?

First of all, there is a certain time from vaccination to effectiveness. Generally, immunity will not be produced until 4-8 weeks after vaccination, and not all people will successfully produce antibodies after vaccination, and very few people will not be immunized (the same is true for other vaccines such as hepatitis B vaccine). On the other hand, even if antibodies are produced, immunity will decline with age, and it is still possible to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Therefore, BCG vaccination is not once and for all. In daily life, we still have to take the following measures to prevent tuberculosis:

Avoid contact with infectious tuberculosis patients.

Improve the body’s resistance through various methods, such as increasing nutrition and proper exercise.

Pay attention to the ventilation of the room, develop good hygiene habits, and do not spit everywhere.

Don’t talk loudly, cough or sneeze at others. Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief when coughing or sneezing.

Regular physical examination, find suspicious symptoms and seek medical advice as soon as possible.

Wear a mask if you need to go out during the infection period, and quit smoking and alcohol during the treatment period.

Is it true that "ten tuberculosis and nine deaths"? Can tuberculosis be cured?

After the diagnosis, we must adhere to the principle of "early, regular, full course, appropriate amount and combination", and most tuberculosis patients can be cured.

After the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the general treatment principle is the principle of chemotherapy. The main function of this treatment principle is to quickly kill a large number of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the focus, so that the patient can be changed from infectious to non-infectious, stop infection, prevent drug resistance, and finally achieve the goal of cure.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be divided into four groups according to its metabolic state: A, B, C and D. Flora A is vigorous in growth and reproduction, with strong pathogenicity, accounting for most of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. B and C flora are mostly in a semi-static state, and occasionally there will be explosive growth. D flora is dormant, does not reproduce, and the number is very small.

Most anti-tuberculosis drugs can act on flora A, such as isoniazid and rifampicin, which have early sterilization effect, can quickly sterilize within the first 48 hours of treatment, so that the number of flora is rapidly reduced and the infectivity is reduced. The flora B and C are called "stubborn bacteria" because they are in a semi-static state, but killing the flora B and C can prevent recurrence. At the same time, anti-tuberculosis drugs have no effect on D flora.

In addition to taking anti-tuberculosis drugs for treatment, there are two therapeutic measures in clinic: symptomatic treatment and surgical treatment. Symptomatic treatment is generally used for toxic and hemoptysis symptoms of tuberculosis patients. For example, patients with toxic symptoms will only use glucocorticoid as appropriate to reduce toxic symptoms and inflammatory symptoms.

Patients with hemoptysis will use pituitrin to stop bleeding. If the situation is serious, patients will also stop bleeding locally through bronchoscope or insert balloon catheter to compress and stop bleeding.

In fact, the outbreak of tuberculosis in colleges and universities is not uncommon.

From August to November 2017, 29 cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed in Taojiang No.4 Middle School; Taojiang vocational secondary school diagnosed 8 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis;

In December 2019, there were many students in the Computer Department of Hebei Industrial Vocational and Technical College, who were sent to the local hospital for treatment because of tuberculosis.

Boarding students at school often have irregular diet, lack of nutrition and great learning pressure, which is easy to cause low immunity. If they have immune-related diseases such as AIDS, they are easy to induce tuberculosis. In addition, students live together, and the living space is relatively small, which constitutes a "hotbed" for the spread of tuberculosis.

As an infectious disease that has been discovered for a long time, the current BCG vaccine is effective in preventing severe tuberculosis, such as miliary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis in children, but it can’t prevent the primary infection, and more importantly, it can’t prevent the recurrence of latent lung infection.

So at this moment, we should pay attention to prevent tuberculosis, do more exercise, get more sunshine, don’t stay up late to play games, strengthen physical exercise and enhance immunity. If you find yourself or your family or friends coughing, expectoration, failing to get well for two weeks, coughing up blood, low fever and sweating, you should explain the situation to the teacher as soon as possible and go to the hospital for examination in time.

Finally, I hope more people can understand the knowledge about tuberculosis, especially the students at school. Please protect yourself!

Original title: "22 people were diagnosed! Tuberculosis broke out in a university in Jiangsu, and this "white plague" has never gone far.

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　　Diabetes is a group of lifelong metabolic diseases caused by multiple causes and characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The data shows that the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes in adults in China (in 2013) was 10.4%, which means that one in every 10 adults suffers from diabetes. As we all know, obesity and diabetes are closely related, and obese people are more likely to get type 2 diabetes. Therefore, in order to control type 2 diabetes and its related complications, it is imperative to solve the obesity problem.

　　How to define obesity? Generally, two indicators need to be measured: waist circumference and body mass index (BMI). The waist circumference of men is ≧ 90cm, and that of women is ≧ 85cm, which means abdominal obesity, and the risk of diabetes will increase obviously; The other is to calculate the body mass index (BMI), that is, divide your weight by the square of your height (kg/m2) to get the value, and BMI≧28 is obese, which accounts for about 60% of diabetic patients. Of course, now compare the indicators to measure obesity, such as calculating belly fat content.

　　There is a process from obesity to diabetes. If you are obese, you will get diabetes immediately, but obese people will suffer from insulin resistance because of the accumulation of fat in the body. When insulin secretion in the human body is insufficient, the role of glucose synthesis glycogen and glucose decomposition will be weakened, resulting in an increase in blood glucose concentration beyond the normal value, which in turn leads to diabetes. People’s stomachs are like warehouses for storing fat, and the fat is not easy to consume and decompose, so the warehouses are getting bigger and bigger. Therefore, those asymmetrical obese people we see every day, such as bigger stomachs and thinner legs, are also high-risk groups for diabetes.

　　In recent years, the incidence of diabetes tends to be younger, which has a lot to do with unreasonable diet. Type 2 diabetes can be simply understood as eating diabetes. Few teenagers got sick more than 10 years ago, but now there are more and more teenagers. Eating more, eating well, eating well and having little exercise are the main reasons. Therefore, we should guide them from the aspects of diet structure, living habits, exercise and psychological counseling.

　　At present, it is an effective way to control blood sugar for diabetic patients to reach the standard and maintain normal weight. Diabetic patients must keep a regular diet every day, eat less and eat more meals, and don’t overeat, so as to avoid excessive blood sugar fluctuations; Drink plenty of water to replenish the water needed by the body, otherwise it will easily cause dehydration and even hyperviscosity; Eat less fruits with high sugar content, such as bananas and ripe mangoes, and eat fruits with low sugar content, such as oranges, strawberries, cherries and grapefruit.

　　At the same time, I suggest you pay attention to your health indicators regularly. People over the age of 40 go to the hospital to check their fasting blood sugar at least once a year. Under normal circumstances, the fasting blood sugar of normal people is below 6.1. If it is higher than 5.7, we should be vigilant.

　　Interviewed experts: Mother Yiming, Chief Physician of Endocrinology Department, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital.

　　In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA, a collection of "The Intention of Xishan Snow" was praised as "the first masterpiece in the Northern Song Dynasty". It was written by Gao Keming, a famous landscape painter in China. Recently, in a cemetery in Longquanyi District, Chengdu, Sichuan, archaeologists accidentally discovered the tomb of this Shanxi painter.

　　Gao Keming’s tomb was hidden in 14 tombs of the Gao family, and was excavated and cleared by Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology from August to November this year. Combined with the unearthed written materials, archaeologists learned that Gao’s descendants were originally from Bohai, Shandong Province, who lived in Shanxi in the Northern Song Dynasty and moved south to Chengdu in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty.

　　In addition, a well-preserved female bone of the Song Dynasty in the cemetery is expected to solve the mystery whether female foot-binding originated in the Song Dynasty.

　　accident

　　Fourteen tombs of Gao’s Song Dynasty were discovered in Longquanyi

　　In August this year, in Group 14, Honghe Village, Longquanyi District, Chengdu, two three-color figurines were found after the construction workers dug more than two meters in the process of greenway reconstruction. Subsequently, the Chengdu Cultural Relics and Archaeology Team, together with the staff of Longquanyi District Cultural Relics Protection Management Office, rushed to the scene, and initially judged that there should be a Song Dynasty tomb group.

　　On August 28th, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, the rescue excavation officially began. By the end of November, 14 tombs of the Song Dynasty had been cleared.

　　Gong Yangmin, the leader of the archaeological excavation, said that the tombs were orderly distributed in the edge area of the circular platform, all in the north-south direction and arranged from east to west. The west area is a single-chamber tomb, and the tomb owners are all women. The north and east areas are two-room or three-room burial tombs for husband and wife. The tombs all have horizontal coupons, and the burial utensils are all wooden double coffins, and the inner and outer coffins are closely nested.

　　As written materials such as tombstones were unearthed from tombs, archaeologists confirmed the owner’s identity of this cemetery — — Descendants of Gao. Through written records, they learned that the Gao family originally lived in Bohai Sea, Shandong Province, and moved to Jiangxian County, Shanxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, and then moved south to Chengdu in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty.

　　celebrity

　　Gao Keming, a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, was buried here.

　　In the cemetery, archaeologists accidentally discovered the tomb of Gao Keming, a famous landscape painter in Renzong period of Northern Song Dynasty. Next to the tomb, the tombs of Gao Keming’s son Gao Jimin and his wife were also found, as well as the tombs of his grandson Gao Liangbi and his two wives. The owners of other tombs are closely related to the Gao family, and they also moved south to Chengdu with the Gao family in the early Southern Song Dynasty.

　　Gao Keming’s representative works include Three Dynasties’ Instructions, Xishan Snow’s Intention, Longevity Map, Establishment Map and so on. According to historical documents, during the reign of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, Gao Mingke was ordered to draw a picture to test his talents, and then he was promoted.

　　Gong Yangmin said that Gao Keming is the chief supervisor (the sixth grade) of the Shaofu, and his daughter-in-law Jin’s grandfather is a county magistrate and his father is a Jinshi. It can be seen that Gao’s family is an official family in the Song Dynasty and can be called a local gentry. After the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, China’s social system gradually changed from an aristocratic society to an aristocratic society, and the power of local clans in managing state and local affairs gradually increased. Gao’s family cemetery is a valuable material for studying this social change in China during the Tang and Song Dynasties. In addition, the source of the cemetery owner and his family is clear, which is of positive significance for studying the migration of the gentry and the integration of the north and south cultures under the trend of great social changes from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty.

　　decode

　　Perfect female bones solve the custom of foot binding

　　On December 12th, in the Cultural Protection Center of Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the reporter of Huaxi Dushi Bao-cover saw that 12 nails had been pulled out of a coffin. After the staff put on gloves and masks, opened the coffin lid and uncovered three layers of white cloth, a well-preserved female human bone appeared. The staff told reporters that when the tomb was discovered, there were signs of theft in the outer coffin. It was precisely because of the protection of 12 nails that the human bones and articles in the inner coffin were preserved. In order to keep moisture, they covered human bones with three layers of white cloth.

　　Due to the geographical environment of Chengdu, human bones are rare in previous archaeological discoveries. Now, through the study of the skeleton of this Zhang woman, it is expected to reveal what physical diseases women had in the Song Dynasty and whether there was a custom of foot binding at that time.

　　Most tombs in the cemetery have not been disturbed, and nearly 500 funerary objects such as pottery, porcelain, tin, bronze, lacquered wood, stone coupons and glassware have been unearthed. During the archaeological process, more than 10 pieces of exquisite lacquerware were extracted from the coffin. Gong Yangmin said that this is the first time in Sichuan that a well-preserved complete set of lacquerware of the Song Dynasty was discovered. Among lacquerware, the white porcelain cosmetic box and the cosmetics in the box reveal the female sentiment in the Song Dynasty, which provide valuable archaeological basis for studying the daily life of aristocratic women in the Song Dynasty.

　　In addition, archaeologists also found more than 60 stone coupons, such as the five-party authentic coupons, the Huagai Palace coupons, the Heaven Emperor’s gift coupons, the land purchase coupons, the epitaph, and the tomb.

　　Gong Yangmin believes that most of the tombs in the cemetery have not been disturbed, and the unearthed funerary objects are rich and the chronological materials are detailed. It can provide an important reference for the establishment of archaeological sequences in Sichuan from the early to the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty. The funerary objects unearthed from the tombs provide detailed archaeological materials for understanding the scientific and technological level, aesthetic and religious activities in the Southern Song Dynasty.