????The Pentagon, located in Arlington, southwest of Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, the highest military command organ in the United States, with geographical coordinates of 38 52 ′ 15.00 ″ n and 77 03 ′ 21.00 ″ w.. Seen from the air, the building is pentagonal, hence the name "Pentagon".

????Original title: The Department of Defense born in the "Air and Sea War"-The little-known inside story of the struggle when the US Department of Defense was founded

????On August 10th, 2009, the US Department of Defense held a grand celebration ceremony to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the official establishment of the Department of Defense. However, what is little known is that the establishment of the US Department of Defense 60 years ago was the product of struggle and compromise among the three major services of the US military, and one of the events called "Admiral Rebellion" became the direct "fuse" for the birth of the US Department of Defense. Then, in the United States, which flaunts democracy and freedom and pursues the system of "civilian leading", why did the admiral, as an important minister in the army "rebel"? Why is the birth of the Ministry of National Defense linked to this incident? Let’s break through the fog of history and appreciate the thrilling infighting within the US military 60 years ago.

????The Prelude of Conflict —— The National Security Law of 1947

????After World War II, with the rapid improvement of American military strength and international status, the organizational form of the US military, which used to focus on the two independent departments of the sea and land, obviously could not meet the needs of the development of the situation, so a new round of military institutional reform is imperative. In an article entitled "Our armed forces must be unified", Truman once wrote with emotion when talking about the experience and lessons of World War II, "The military institutions we hastily pieced together have always been the cause of disasters … For the sake of national security, a more solid foundation must be established. The first step is obviously to unify the army and navy, so that all our defensive and offensive forces are under the leadership of an institution and an authoritative and responsible headquarters. " Under this background, it has become the top priority of the US military’s military reform work to concentrate on solving the deep-rooted contradictions between Lu Haijun, solving the repetitive construction problems in national defense construction, and establishing a unified military organization to effectively integrate the two major military departments of the sea and land.

????In October, 1945, a motion led by the army with the main content of establishing a unified military organization was submitted to the National Assembly, and the focus of the struggle was mainly on the ownership of the Marine Corps and the Naval Air Force. However, judging from the comparison of the forces of the three major services of the US military at that time, the Army and the Air Force played a decisive role in World War II, so they also mastered the "right to speak" in the new round of national defense institutional reform. The army, headed by Marshall and Eisenhower, spared no effort to publicize the benefits of the alliance, hoping to merge the Marine Corps into the army and form its own amphibious combat force to further strengthen its leading position in the national defense institutions. At the same time, after the baptism of the two world wars, especially in the course of the war against Japan, the Army Air Force (the predecessor of the Air Force), which was "resident" in the army, has been transformed into a veritable "third service" step by step. Therefore, after the war, fanatical air force elements advocated the establishment of an independent air force everywhere, demanding that the aircraft of the army and navy be unified under the command of the Air Force. Based on the affection of "the same ancestry and the same origin", the Army and the Army Air Force reached a tacit agreement on the issue of dividing up the navy’s "heritage", that is, acquiring the Marine Corps and the Naval Air Force. Therefore, a large number of senior army generals, such as Eisenhower, all held a positive attitude towards the independence of the Air Force. Although the navy also played an important role in the Pacific War, the humiliation of Pearl Harbor incident, the nuclear monopoly advantage of the United States after the war and the serious lack of maritime strategic threats,Coupled with the strong pressure of "alliance" between land and air, these factors make the navy in a very embarrassing situation in the new round of national defense institutional reform. In order to publicize the benefits of air force independence and integration, and to retaliate against the numerous obstacles set by the navy on the issue of air force independence in the past, especially the persecution of Billy Mitchell, the "father of the air force", air force elements used their influence to belittle the role of the navy as much as possible everywhere. Frank Armstrong, the backbone of the Air Force, publicly demanded that the functions and functions of the navy be reduced to the level of escort, transport and honor guard, because the navy "will only have a few aircraft carriers, which will have no fighting capacity in any case … and will probably be sunk in the first battle", so "the navy will be useless except providing materials needed by the army, air force and ground forces." Karl spaatz, the first Air Force Chief of Staff, also attacked the Navy in public speeches, which made the Navy faction angry. He pointed out, "Why should we continue to keep the navy? The only reason why we keep the navy may be that many countries still keep the navy, but the Soviet Union has only a small navy, or there is no navy at all, so there is absolutely no need for us to waste money on the navy. "

????Under the dual pressure of "alliance" between land and air, although the navy is well aware of the significance and truth of unified operational command, it has to oppose it for its own interests, because the navy generals are particularly worried that the integration system and the formation of the air force will make them lose the two core arms of naval aviation and marine corps, thus damaging the overall interests of the navy. Therefore, chester nimitz, then Minister of Naval Operations, expressed strong opposition to the idea of integration. He pointed out that "practice has proved that the two departments with separate responsibilities and powers can provide different arms according to the requirements of modern warfare, so it is not only useless but also harmful to the proper division of labor and the effective use of maritime forces to merge the War Department and the Navy Department into a single department." At the congressional hearing, a large number of admirals and members of the navy expressed strong dissatisfaction with Truman’s bill, so they have not reached a consensus on the issue of integration.

????Finally, in order to calm the disputes between the various military forces, especially the dissatisfaction of the navy, Truman had to adopt a compromise plan and make necessary compromises and concessions on some key issues: first, adopt the opinions of the army and set up a unified Ministry of National Defense; Secondly, in response to the demands of air force activists, an independent air force was formed, and Lu Haijun did not keep land-based aircraft; Third, support the opinion of the navy, carrier-based aviation and marine corps will remain in the navy, and the establishment and tasks of the marine corps will remain unchanged. In this context, the US Army and Navy Ministers finally reached an agreement on the issue of unified jurisdiction. On July 26, 1947, President Truman signed the National Security Law, and established the National Security Council, the National Military Department (the predecessor of the Ministry of National Defense), the Air Force Department and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and established a national military system composed of the Minister of National Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and independent air force, army and navy departments. On September 15th, 1947, JamesVincentForrestal, a former Secretary of the Navy, took office and became the first Secretary of Defense in American history. Three days later, the US Air Force was formally established, and Stuart Semin, a leading figure who made great contributions to the independence of the Air Force, became the first air force minister. However, because the National Security Law of 1947 was established on the basis of a temporary compromise between various military services, compared with the rank and status of the Cabinet Departments of the three major military services, the National Military Department is not a Cabinet Department, but a loose alliance in name only, with only general coordination rights.In addition, with only a small number of staff, it is impossible to fully exercise the functions and powers of the commander-in-chief, and the bill does not clearly stipulate the specific tasks and division of roles of various military species. This congenital deficiency has also laid the groundwork for the outbreak of the largest dispute within the US military after the war.

????The war is rekindled-B-36 VS "Super Carrier"

????At the end of World War II, with the successful development of nuclear weapons and their decisive role in the war against Japan, the US military believed that nuclear weapons would become the "killer weapon" to determine the outcome of future wars, and strategic nuclear bombing would also become a decisive new operational mode in the future, thus making nuclear weapons and the newly formed Strategic Air Force (SAC) the priority targets of the US military’s strategic deployment and military funding. At the same time, the two major services, the air force and the sea force, have launched a new "infighting" for the dominance of the strategic air force. The focus of this struggle is mainly on the weapons development plans of the two major services: the navy’s CV-58 "United States" super aircraft carrier plan and the Air Force’s B-36 "flying arsenal" strategic bomber plan.

????With the help of their supporters, the navy and air force used their influence to attack and slander each other in some public and secret occasions. The navy, represented by Nimitz, believes that the "United States" is of great significance to the navy, because it is the first super aircraft carrier equipped by the navy after the war. This aircraft carrier has the ability to take off and land large aircraft such as strategic bombers, so it is also the navy to maintain its own survival in the nuclear age and compete with the air force for budgetary capital. The Air Force, represented by Stuart Semin and curtis lemay, believes that the US military can achieve a "cheap victory" only by launching nuclear air strikes, without having to carry out heavy casualties on the ground, and without wasting huge sums of money to build a "living coffin at sea"-an aircraft carrier with poor maneuverability and weak viability. As the world’s first strategic bomber with intercontinental long-range bombing capability, the B-36 will replace the old B-29 and B-56.

????However, because the Ministry of National Military Affairs is only a loose alliance, it is impossible to effectively stop the jealousness and infighting between the two ministries. In addition, the Truman administration greatly reduced the military budget after the war, so it is impossible for the two major R&D projects to be launched at the same time, and they can only choose one of them. Therefore, this inevitably intensifies the already tense contradiction between the two services. At first, because Forrester served as the secretary of the navy and was a typical naval faction, the navy gained the upper hand in the initial competition. The CV-58 project was successfully passed and started in Newport News on March 18, 1949. Many navy generals could not help but be complacent, but the navy was too happy. Stuart Semin, the eloquent air force minister, launched a comprehensive propaganda campaign, which gradually won the support of the press, Congress and the army. Bradley, then chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, also expressed support for the Air Force, arguing that "using the navy to carry out nuclear bombing missions will only greatly reduce the ability and suddenness of the Air Force to carry out large-scale explosive missions." Things are unpredictable. Just a few days later, the "United States" was forced to stop construction and dismount because of the fall of the Navy and the coming to power of the Air Force. Due to the opposition to the Truman administration’s policy of reducing military spending, and the constant exposure of media reports about his poor mental condition, Forrester gradually lost Truman’s trust and had to resign on March 28, and the new defense minister was replaced by Louis Johnson, an activist from the Air Force, so the navy became a "super carrier."The plan was inevitably stillborn.

????"Admiral rebelled"

????In April 1949, after the new Secretary of Defense, Louis Johnson, took office, he not only canceled the "super carrier" plan without the approval of Congress, but also repeatedly suppressed the navy’s requirements at the Joint Chiefs of Staff, drastically reduced the navy’s funds, and even canceled the navy and the Marine Corps. Johnson pointed out, "There is no reason to keep the Navy and Marine Corps, because General Bradley told me that amphibious operations have become history, and we will never do amphibious operations again, so there is no need to keep the Marine Corps. In addition, the air force can do everything that the navy can do, so there is no need to keep the navy. " A stone stirred up a thousand waves, which caused an uproar in the United States and became the fuse of the famous "Revolt of the Admirals" in American history.

????A large number of famous naval generals protested and resigned in anger, and many retired naval generals, government and business people related to the navy, and officials and people from all walks of life who lost the location of the shipyard were extremely angry at the Truman administration’s capricious policy. Admiral Daniel Garrett, headed by Major General, began to publish a series of fierce articles and speeches in the United States, attacking Johnson for belittling the navy’s national defense policy and the Air Force’s B-36 bomber plan. Garrett even published a highly inflammatory rebellion statement in an article entitled "Don’t let them sink the navy", calling Johnson an "out-and-out criminal and villain" and demanding that he immediately take the blame and step down. This has caused an uproar in the United States, causing a storm in the city and chaos in Congress, the press, the government and the military. Subsequently, the senior navy generals represented by Admiral Arthur Redford, commander of the Pacific Fleet, began to set off a bigger storm again.

????In order to go all out to attack the Air Force’s B-36 bomber plan by hook or by crook, the Navy once appointed arleigh burke to secretly set up a special office called OP-23, which was mainly responsible for making plans to win the support of the US Congress and the public. In June 1949, an anonymous document not only recorded that Denfield and other senior naval generals expressed strong dissatisfaction with Johnson’s national defense policy, but also accused the relevant officials of the Air Force Department and senior air force generals of fraud and bribery in the B-36 plan, exposing that Johnson and Symington benefited personally and politically from the owner of the aircraft manufacturer, Odlum, and believed that the Air Force had unfair competition in the bidding stage of aircraft, and received defective aircraft to make personal profits at the expense of national defense interests. This accusation makes the Air Force extremely angry, because it has done great damage to the honor of Air Force officers and the reputation of the Air Force Department. Congress launched a series of hearings to investigate the so-called "B-36 procurement fraud case". At the congressional hearing, Air Force Minister Semin Clinton and Air Force Chief of Staff arthur vandenberg refuted Radford’s point of view one by one. After investigation, Congress also thought that many accusations of the navy lacked rationality and appropriateness and were untenable. Bradley, the general of the army, also refuted the accusation of the navy, and pointed out that the naval disturbance was an "open rebellion against the civilian leadership system", and its essence was to resist the unified command and plan of the US military "in spirit and action".And "the constant quarrel in the supreme command organization is like a drop of poison dripping into wine, which makes all the sharers suffer." After an in-depth investigation, the congressional investigation report pointed out that "there is not a bit, even a little bit of evidence to prove the allegations of premeditated, fraudulent, bribery, bullying or favoritism in the procurement of B-36 bombers" and proved that the "documents" provided by the navy were forged, and the initiator behind it was Colonel John G. Grommelin, deputy director of the OP-23 office. The report also pointed out that "the Ministry of National Defense has made great efforts to pursue the’ unification’ of the services, and the pace is too fast." Moreover, in this struggle, "the navy that refused the’ marriage’ of the services, the army that was too proud of itself, and the somewhat unruly air force made the Committee not find any’ Puritans’ in the Ministry of National Defense who fully supported reunification and had pure motives."

????In the end, this "air-sea war" ended with the navy’s breach of trust in the world and the air force’s victory: the B-36 plan continued, but the navy’s "super carrier" plan was forced to dismount, and an article in Time magazine of the United States also dubbed the ups and downs of the service struggle within the US military as the "Admiral Rebellion" incident. The "Admiral Rebellion" incident not only shocked the whole United States, but also made the top officials of the United States realize the importance of strengthening the authority of the Ministry of National Defense. In this context, the US Congress passed the amendment to the National Security Law on August 10th, 1949, which renamed the loosely structured "National Military Department" as the "Ministry of National Defense", upgraded it to the Cabinet Department, and further strengthened the power of the Minister of National Defense, reducing the ranks of the three major military departments of land, sea and air from the Cabinet Department to the directly affiliated department of the Ministry of National Defense, and the Minister of Military Services is no longer a member of the National Security Council and the Cabinet. In addition, in order to limit the competition between services, the post of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was established with the approval of Congress. As the chief military adviser to the President and the Secretary of Defense, it was held by senior military generals, which also laid the foundation for the modern defense commander system in the United States.

????Silent ending

????Finally, the navy became a complete loser in this struggle: Navy Minister Sullivan resigned; Naval Operations Minister Denfeld was forced to "retire early"; Garrett was tried by a military court, which completely ruined his future; Truman also chose the mediocre "good guy" Matthews and the more obedient forrest sherman as the secretary of the navy and the minister of operations respectively, regardless of the strong opposition of the navy generals. Forester, the former secretary of defense who was born as the secretary of the navy, also committed suicide because of the mental disorder caused by the intensified service struggle. Although the personal endings of these senior naval officers were not very good, they were regarded as heroes by the navy because they sacrificed their lives and future to safeguard the survival and honor of the navy in this struggle. After the "Super Carrier" plan died, the US Congress decided to build a smaller aircraft carrier for the navy in order to appease the navy’s mood, and this aircraft carrier was named "Forrester". In addition, although the "Admiral Rebellion" incident ended in the failure of the navy, the subsequent "counterattack" by the Marine Corps also made the navy regain some face. In August 1950, under the strong pressure of the navy faction in Congress, the Truman administration was finally forced to agree to set up a representative of the Marine Corps in the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Although the Marine Corps is still under the jurisdiction of the Navy, it has a place in the Joint Chiefs of Staff, so it has become the fourth largest service on an equal footing with the army, navy and air force.

????At the same time, another protagonist in the "naval rebellion", Defense Minister Johnson of the Air Force faction, also suffered a bad result because of his arrogant and tough treatment of the navy. After the "Admiral Rebellion" incident, Truman, as Johnson’s immediate superior, was also humiliated in Congress, government and army, so he gradually lost his trust in Johnson. He wrote in his private diary, "Everything that happened made me begin to believe that Potomac fanaticism and a morbid state have made Louis show a mental disorder and selfish arrogance trying to drive the whole government, because he offended everyone in the cabinet … and never missed every opportunity to speak ill of people around me." Secretary of State Acheson also said in his memoirs that Johnson’s behavior was "very hateful, and it was not enough to just swear." Bradley hit the nail on the head and pointed out that "Truman inadvertently appointed a mental patient to replace another mental patient." Because Johnson suppressed the navy too hard, the navy did not have enough ships to carry out the task of sea blockade in the subsequent Korean War. A year later, in August 1950, Truman dismissed Johnson and appointed george marshall, who was low-key, well-balanced and highly respected in the military, as the new Secretary of Defense. At this point, the "Admiral Rebellion" incident, which caused a lot of trouble in the city, finally came to an end.

Cctv news(Reporter Liu Ruirui, reporter from Wang Xiaoying): On May 11th, the "Emergency Mission 2022" earthquake relief exercise was held in Zhangye, Gansu Province.

The exercise simulated a 7.5-magnitude earthquake in Ganzhou District, Zhangye City, Gansu Province. The epicenter was located in Xindun Village, Xindun Town, Ganzhou District, and Jiayuguan, Jinchang, Jiuquan and Wuwei felt strong earthquakes.

According to the setting, in this exercise, the "earthquake" caused houses to collapse and damage, and a series of secondary disasters occurred one after another … …

A trapped person was successfully rescued, and the fire rescue personnel transferred the personnel.

Under the majestic Qilian Mountains, on the vast Gobi Desert, fire engines lined up in turn, drones vacated and helicopters roared.

Team assembly

Number one: an earthquake of magnitude 7.5.

The exercise simulated a 7.5-magnitude earthquake in Ganzhou District, Zhangye City, Gansu Province. The epicenter was located in Xindun Village, Xindun Town, Ganzhou District, and Jiayuguan, Jinchang, Jiuquan and Wuwei felt strong earthquakes.

Rescuers made wooden supports to reinforce the collapsed building to prevent secondary collapse.

The 7.5-magnitude "earthquake" spread to many places, and a large number of houses collapsed and damaged, and a large number of people were trapped under pressure, resulting in multiple secondary disasters, including partial interruption of roads, electricity, water supply, gas and communication, landslides and collapses in mountainous areas, leakage and explosion in Ganzhou section of the west-to-east gas pipeline, overturning of trains in Europe on Lanzhou-Xinjiang line, damage to the west-to-east power transmission project, a large number of tourists trapped in scenic spots, and some villages formed "islands" & …

Three firemen are rescuing the trapped people under the marking point.

In this exercise, the fire drill scenarios are all based on the rescue scenarios that may occur due to the earthquake.

During the exercise, fire rescue teams from Gansu, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other places quickly responded to the rally and devoted themselves to the rescue.

Number two: multi-site linkage 1+4+4　　

The exercise venue adopts the "1+4+4" mode, with the main exercise venue in Zhangye, sub-exercise venues in Jiayuguan, Jiuquan, Jinchang and Wuwei, and four outdoor venues according to scenic spots, high-rise, underground and railways.　

Fire-fighting and rescue workers use construction machinery to remove heavy objects and rescue people trapped in commercial markets.

During the whole drill, in order to cope with the great earthquake and catastrophe in the plateau and cold area, the whole drill was displayed in panoramic mode, which was divided into three stages: pulling inspection, command exercise and comprehensive exercise.

The driver was trapped in the simulated derailment of the Central European train, and the fire rescue personnel carried out rescue.

In this drill, several rescue scenarios that may be caused by earthquakes were simulated, among which Zhangye simulated the search and rescue of people buried in collapsed buildings, the derailment and overturning rescue of trains in Central Europe, the leakage and explosion rescue of oil and gas pipelines for west-to-east gas transmission, the destruction and rescue of facilities for power transmission from west to east, the fire fighting and rescue of high-rise buildings and the construction of camps, the trapped tourists in the Grand Canyon in scenic spots, and the trapped people caused by the collapse of scaffolding in the construction site.

Among them, the west-east gas pipeline leaked and exploded, and huge black mushroom clouds rose one after another. Due to serious deformation and tearing, a large number of crude oil leaked from the Tanlan crude oil pipeline, which in turn caused a fire of 3,200 square meters. The situation was critical, and four professional chemical fire fighting and rescue teams rushed to the scene to reinforce the disposal.

In the oil and gas pipeline leakage, huge black mushroom clouds rose one after another, and fire rescue forces rushed to the scene to reinforce the disposal.

The fire-fighting robot is carrying out the rescue of oil and gas pipeline leakage and explosion.

Wuwei, Gansu Province, simulated the emergency rescue scene affected by the earthquake, where a landslide occurred in Maya Snow Mountain, three climbers were trapped in the snow mountain, and one person showed symptoms of temperature loss.

Fire rescue forces wear special equipment for cold prevention and anti-skid to climb 5.8 kilometers of mountain roads and go deep into the snow area to search for missing buried personnel.

The trapped people are being transferred to the temporary helicopter rescue point.

Jiayuguan City has set up an airport emergency landing course, where the airport runway was seriously damaged due to the earthquake, and the ground broke in many places, so that the aircraft hovering overhead could not land normally. Rescuers are covering the airport runway with a foam layer with a high-magnification foam generator, which can increase the emergency landing buffer, reduce the friction coefficient and reduce the deceleration braking force. Jinchang simulated mine accidents affected by earthquakes.

Covering the airport runway with foam layer by using high multiple foam generator.

Houses and oil and gas stations in the living area of refining and chemical plant in Yumen old city of Jiuquan City collapsed and caught fire. Some people were trapped under pressure, some roads were damaged, and power and communication were interrupted.

There are 26 subjects in the exercise, including the rescue of ruins, the capsizing rescue of trains in Central Europe, the leakage rescue of oil and gas pipelines in the West-East gas pipeline, the rescue and transfer of trapped tourists in scenic spots, the fire fighting and rescue of high-rise buildings, the rescue and rescue of people in distress in snowy mountains, etc. The fire rescue team has the courage to take responsibility and overcome difficulties, and participated in a total of 23, which fully reflects the role of the fire rescue team as the "main force" and "national team" of emergency rescue.

From the snowy Maya Snow Mountain, to the vast and colorful Gobi sandbars, and then to the steep Pingshan Lake Grand Canyon, orange figures are everywhere.

Number 3: 2,105 firefighters participated.

A total of 2,105 fire rescue workers participated in the exercise, including 1,533 from Gansu Provincial Fire Rescue Corps and 572 from other teams.

The repair team is repairing the operation.

　In addition to specific rescue drill scenarios, it is also crucial to ensure emergency communication through linkage. With the launch of the "Emergency Mission 2022" practical earthquake relief exercise in alpine plateau, extreme situations such as power outage, communication base station damage and public network paralysis have always tested the emergency communication support capability at the disaster site.

After the disaster occurred, the Qiantu Communication Support Team of Zhangye City Fire Rescue Detachment immediately dispatched on-site reconnaissance, established satellite communication links, and reported the disaster at the first time. The emergency communication support detachment of Gansu Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps quickly dispatched to the disaster area to build a command communication network, and mobilized several adjacent detachments to respond synchronously.

Specially modified 10 military three-generation light and high-mobility "Warrior" off-road vehicles are the backbone of emergency rescue and quick dispatch in this exercise, including rescue and obstacle breaking, troop assault, technical rescue, general shelter, communication command, power supply and other vehicles, which are suitable for all-weather, all-terrain and all-regional rescue, and can reach all areas in the province within 10 hours to strive for the "golden rescue period" to the maximum extent.

Number 4: 56,000 pieces of equipment and 70 rescue dogs.

Rescue equipment has also attracted much attention. This exercise carried 56,000 pieces (sets) of advanced fire fighting and rescue equipment in 9 categories, including composite life detectors, high-frequency rescue and cutting sets, large-flow snow cannon robots, large-scale tethered drones, all life-saving robots in waters, heavy-duty support sets, portable electric demolition tools, and mobile lighting lighthouses.

At the scene, the fire reconnaissance robot dog cooperated with modern equipment such as thermal imaging drone to quickly assist rescuers to master the internal situation of collapsed buildings and find the location of trapped people.

Fire detection robot dog.

Search and rescue dogs shuttled through the ruins.

The terrain of the ruins is very complex, and the collapsed bodies and scaffolding are staggered and uneven. With the command of the search and rescue dog trainer, six search and rescue dogs quickly shuttled through the ruins, and with the detection of the radar life detector, many shallow trapped people were successfully searched in 20 minutes.

It is reported that the investment in this exercise includes 70 rescue dogs from China’s rescue dog mobile detachments in Shandong and Yunnan and Gansu and Qinghai fire rescue corps. The whole process adheres to the combination of human and dog, dog equipment and search and rescue.

　　Beijing, China, June 29 (Reporter Li Jinlei) In 2019, the pension increase began to land.

　　According to the reporter’s incomplete statistics, as of June 28, at least Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Ningxia, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Henan, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi and other places have announced specific plans for pension adjustment in 2019, and the Zhejiang pension adjustment plan has also ended public consultation. Come and figure out how much your pension can go up this year.

　　Who can enjoy this increase?

　　According to the "Notice on Adjusting the Basic Pension for Retired Persons in 2019" issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Finance, the scope of pension adjustment personnel this year is retirees who have gone through retirement procedures according to regulations and received basic pensions on a monthly basis before December 31, 2018.

　　Most areas follow this rule, but Guangdong and Jiangsu are special, and the scope of pension adjusters has been expanded. Among them, Guangdong’s adjustment scope also includes retirees who received the basic pension for the first time on a monthly basis from January to June, 2019, and Jiangsu increased the number of employees who participated in the basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees and went through retirement and resignation procedures from January 1 to June 30, 2019.

　　How does the pension go up?

　　The overall increase in pensions this year is about 5%, but this is the overall per capita level of the adjustment of the treatment of all retirees in enterprises, institutions and institutions. It is not that retirees in enterprises and institutions are adjusted according to the ratio of 5% based on their respective per capita pension levels.

　　In terms of specific adjustment methods, according to the requirements of the state, adjustment programs in various places are generally adopted.Quota adjustment, hook adjustment and proper tiltCombined adjustment method.

　　How much is the specific adjustment amount?

　　The first step is to adjust the quota, and all kinds of retirees in the same area will uniformly increase the pension with the same amount. For example, Shanghai and Guangdong increase 60 yuan per person per month, and Beijing increases 50 yuan per person per month; Jiangsu is increasing 34 yuan per person per month.

　　The second step is linked adjustment, that is, linked with the individual payment period and pension level, reflecting the incentive mechanism of "paying more and getting more" and "paying more for a long time", so that people who pay more and pay more for a long time can get more pensions.

　　For example, it is clear in Shanghai that the payment period (including the deemed payment period) will increase the 2 yuan every month after one year; Then increase by 2.2% per month based on the basic pension I received monthly in December 2018.

　　It is clear in Beijing that for retirees who have paid for 10 years or more, the 3 yuan will be increased every month for every one year. If the monthly pension is less than 3,959 yuan, the 65 yuan will be increased per person per month; The monthly pension is 3,959 yuan and above, and less than 5,459 yuan, and the 55 yuan is increased per person per month; If the monthly pension is 5459 yuan or more, the 45 yuan will be increased per person per month.

　　Who can go up a little more?

　　The third step is tilt adjustment, mainly to letSenior retirees, retirees from hard and remote areasPensions for other groups can be raised more.

　　For senior retirees, 20 yuan will be increased every month for those who have reached the age of 60 for women and 65 for men. According to Beijing’s regulations, senior retirees aged 65 or above can enjoy the preferential policy of four grades from 40 yuan to 70 yuan according to their age.

　　In terms of retirees in hard and remote areas, Hubei stipulates that the adjustment targets in hard and remote areas within the scope stipulated by the state will increase 15 yuan per person per month. Ningxia will increase the basic pension 5 yuan for each person in the hard and remote areas, and increase the basic pension 10 yuan for each person in the hard and remote areas.

　　Many places have also expanded the scope of personnel for pension tilt adjustment. For example, there are four types of retirees in Hunan who can enjoy tilt care, including senior retirees, retirees in hard and remote areas, retired military cadres from enterprises, and retirees with work disabilities.

　　How much can an individual increase?

　　Due to the different pension adjustment schemes in each province, the actual increase in the absolute amount of pension is different for each retiree due to different payment years and pension levels, and the corresponding proportion of personal pension is also different.

　　Among them, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security said that after the adjustment, the per capita growth will be about 220 yuan, and the average pension level will reach 4,157 yuan per month; The per capita monthly increase in Hunan is about 140 yuan.

　　Take Shanghai’s plan as an example — —

　　Lao Zhao, an enterprise retiree, is 70 years old. In December last year, his pension was 5,000 yuan, and he worked for 35 years before retirement.

　　This time, the amount he can increase his pension is: a fixed increase in 60 yuan; The adjustment of payment period can increase 70 yuan; 110 yuan can be increased by 2.2% linked to my pension. In addition, he can also enjoy the tilt of senior citizens to increase 20 yuan. In all, Lao Zhao can add 260 yuan this time.

　　When will the distribution be in place?

　　Having said that, when can the increased pension be distributed to retirees?

　　At present, the increased pensions in Shanghai and Beijing have been paid in place; Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Ningxia, Jiangsu, Henan and other places will definitely distribute the increased pensions in place before the end of July.

　　It should be noted that the distribution time varies from place to place, but for retirees, no matter when they start to organize distribution, they will be reissued from January 1, 2019. (End)