Original Ben Xingjun understands this planet.
Author ▏ Riding like the wind
Produced by Ben Xingjun
As we all know, one of the major climatic characteristics of Russia is the extremely cold winter, so that countries that want to invade Russia have to worry about its extreme weather.
Nazi Germans during World War II could not bear the cold winter of the Soviet Union, and were not only repelled when they entered Moscow, but also killed in the end. The online discussion of the P5 also named the task of attacking Russia "Wrath of Winter", that is, the cold winter in Russia and the army are hellish challenges.
Since Russia is so difficult to fight, has the capital Moscow ever been breached by foreign enemies?
1. The Mongolian cavalry across the Asian continent broke for the first time.
In the 13th century, Eastern Europe was still in a state of numerous principalities and nomadic running.
However, on the Mongolian Plateau in East Asia, a new nomadic empire, Ran Ran, rose. After whipping the Central Plains, it moved westward into Central Asia, destroying the Khorezm, one of the most powerful Islamic countries at that time.
Mongolian cavalry has been pursuing the remnants of Khorezm to the Caspian Sea and reached the Caucasus Mountains, the dividing line between Asia and Europe.
▲ Eastern Europe in the early 13th century
The Qincha tribe in the northern Caspian Sea was defeated by Mongolian cavalry, and the leader of the Qincha tribe thought of asking for help from the Russian duchy in the Volga River basin.
This group of Russian principalities is a state composed of Slavs, which is the ancestor of today’s Russians. They helped Qincha people to resist Mongolian cavalry based on the consideration of losing their lips and teeth. As a result, they were defeated by Mongolian general Zhe Bie and Su Butai. This made the Russian countries and the Mongols have an issue.
After Genghis Khan’s third son, Wokuotai, ascended the throne, he decided to inherit his father’s career and conquer a wider area. He called the Curiti Congress in 1235 and made a resolution to conquer the Chincha and the Russian countries and then attack Europe.
He sent Shu Chi’s eldest son, Ba Dou, to lead 150,000 Mongolian troops to the west, and the Chincha tribe suffered a crushing defeat again, which made the Russian countries anticipate a catastrophe. The Mongolian army successively conquered Mordova and Yelizhan at the entrance of Woluosi’s house, and then directly slaughtered the city. Woluosi people recalled their fear of being dominated by Mongols.
▲ Three Western Expeditions of Mongolian Khanate
At this time, the representative of the Voros country was Kiev Ross, whose capital was Kiev, the capital of Ukraine today. Moscow has built a city, but it is not the capital, but it has become the next target for the Mongols to attack.
In 1238, the Mongols arrived at the gates of Moscow, and in just a few days, they broke through this important city and won the first kill to break through Moscow. Later, the Mongols won the battle and won all the Russian principalities, and Eastern Europe gradually became the sphere of influence of the Mongols.
▲ After the Western Expedition, Moscow became a part of the Golden Horde.
At that time, the Ross people had not yet formed a unified country, and naturally they could not resist the "whip of God". Until 1283, the Slavs built a Moscow Grand Duchy with Moscow as the capital, which was the predecessor of czarist Russia. The Grand Duchy of Moscow is a vassal state of the Mongolian Golden Horde, and it was not until 200 years later that it turned over to be the master.
Why didn’t the Russian winter work this time? The Mongols said that we have long been used to cold in the Mongolian Plateau, and we are not afraid of your winter at all.
2. The Polish Lithuanians exposed in Pingdu Town made a second breakthrough.
The so-called "no Poland" stalk on the Internet refers to the historical fact that Poland was divided up by Russia and Germany several times. Poles and Lithuanians once formed a powerful federation, attacking Germany on the left and Russia on the right, but it was awesome for some time. Moreover, they have also breached Moscow, so they have become bitter rivals with the Russians.
At the end of 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow finally got rid of the rule of the Golden Horde and became independent. In 1547, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was officially crowned czar, and the Russian regime under the Ryurik dynasty was formally established. Under his rule, Russia’s forces crossed the Urals and began to March towards Siberia, with an increasingly vast territory.
However, the country established by Ivan the Terrible is still not very stable.
In 1598, fyodor, the last czar of the Ryurik dynasty, died, leaving the dynasty with no heir. Boris Godunov, a consort aristocrat, took the place of Liurik dynasty and became emperor. Due to the lack of orthodoxy, Russian nobles did not obey his rule and clashed with each other, leading to political chaos.
At the beginning of the 17th century, another famine broke out in Russia, and peasant uprisings were everywhere. Boris Godunov did not take moderate measures to appease the nobles and the people, but instead resorted to terrorist politics to carry out bloody repression and hang thousands of opponents. This makes the country’s civil strife more serious and allows foreign enemies to find an opportunity to invade.
▲ Russia and the Kingdom of Lithuania in Poland in the 17th century
At that time, the Polish-Lithuanian Federation was in a strong period and coveted Russian land for a long time. At this time, a man appeared in the territory of Poland, pretending to be Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan IV, and wanted to take the place of Russian czar. Sigismund III, King of the Lithuanian Federation of Poland, seized the opportunity to support this cottage version of usurpation of power.
Lzhedmitrii promised to cede Smolensk and Seville on the western border of Russia to Poland after victory. Anyway, it’s not my own country, and Tian Xin doesn’t hurt.
In 1604, Sigismund III sent 4,000 Polish troops and hundreds of Ukrainian Cossacks to help Lzhedmitrii attack Russia.
Because Lzhedmitrii was under the banner of regaining the throne of the Ryuk dynasty, Russian aristocrats and people, out of dissatisfaction with the consorts czar, directly opened the door to welcome them into Moscow, and Lzhedmitrii succeeded in driving out the consorts czar.
In fact, this is not very strange. At that time, the royal families of European countries intermarried with each other, and often the nobles of country A could go to country B to inherit the throne.
But the fun is yet to come. The new czar fulfilled his territorial promise to Poland and married the daughter of a Polish landowner, consciously building Russia into a Polish vassal state.
As a result, the Russian people quit. We didn’t let you be the emperor to call other countries’ fathers. We just grabbed the guy and swept the fake out of the house.
Of course the Poles won’t do it. Didn’t I go to so much trouble to control Russia? I am going to take this opportunity to invade Russia on a large scale. Russia, however, was badly weakened and knew it was difficult to stop the Polish attack, so it turned to Sweden for emergency help.
If the Russians at that time could find the help of Gustav Adolphus, who later became a great power in Europe, maybe they could really stop the Poles. It’s a pity that Mr. Gu is still underage at this time. When the Swedes came to the rescue, Sigismund III also led an army into Russian land.
In 1610, Sigismund III and the Russian-Swiss allied forces launched an encounter in the village of Clushino, and the famous Polish cavalry severely cut the Russians and Swedes.
▲ Poles occupied Moscow.
The Moscow aristocrats themselves have a relationship with the Polish royal family, so they elected Prince Vladimir of Poland as the new czar of Russia, in order to make peace with the Poles.
In September, 1610, Moscow big noble once again opened its gate to the Poles, allowing them to complete the second breakthrough and staged the Russian version of the shame of Jingkang. Poles were rude and occupied a large territory in central and western Russia. Sweden, on the other hand, saw the Russians pull so hard that reinforcements turned into enemy troops and occupied Novgorod in the north.
Although the Poles captured Moscow, the Russian people did not want Polish rule. The Russian version of "Yue Fei" Zimamin organized resistance forces in Nizhny Novgorod and launched the action of "recovering the Central Plains" to the Poles.
Two years later, they finally avenged their "Jingkang shame" and regained Moscow. It is also because of this humiliation that the Russians launched a double revenge when the Polish country was weak.
3. Napoleon’s French army, which dominated Europe, broke through three times.
After the governance of Peter the Great and Catherine II, Russia became a more powerful Russian empire, reaching Alaska in North America. Arguably, no one can hit the Russian capital, right? The answer is that stronger people can do it! This time, the trader was Napoleon Bonaparte, the European God of War.
Still have to repeat the background. The French Revolution at the end of the 18th century made European monarchies panic. Britain, Austria and other monarchies organized anti-French alliances again and again, trying to stop France’s revolutionary expansion and return France to the rule of Bourbon.
However, France was one of the best powers in Europe before, and this time a military genius Napoleon appeared. He repeatedly broke the encirclement and suppression of the anti-French alliance, and also staged the Egyptian campaign to drive out the British forces. The battle of Austerlitz defeated Austria, and the battle of Jena-Olstadt occupied Berlin for 14 days to dissolve Shenluo, and the battles of friedland and Elou defeated the Russian army.
At that time, Russian czar Alexander I was personally Napoleon’s younger brother, and a series of battles also made him afraid of the strength of the French army. Napoleon also looked down on Alexander I, trying to force him to agree to join the "continental blockade" against Britain, trying to trap Britain economically.
After a period of cooperation, Alexander I found that the economic losses were serious, and the European continent was still inseparable from the trade with Britain, so he rebelled against France. After all, fans are only personal behaviors. As the boss of the country, we should put the national interests first.
▲ Russian Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825)
Napoleon saw this little brother dare to hook up with his arch-enemy Britain behind his back. Little brother, are you drifting? I immediately want to teach Russia a lesson by force. In 1812, Napoleon led more than 600,000 allied forces to attack Russia. His strategic policy is to annihilate the Russian main force through one or two decisive battles, and then capture Moscow to force the czar to surrender.
After several defeats in Smolensk and other places, the Russian military coach Barkley knew that frontal combat was no match for Napoleon, so he retreated step by step. However, the generals thought that Napoleon should be decisive, and Alexander I was also dissatisfied with the negative situation on the front line, trying to learn from Emperor Chongzhen a hundred years ago and let Kutuzov, the main battle, replace Barkley.
Although the capital of Russia was in St. Petersburg at that time, Moscow, as the old capital, still had very important strategic significance, so the Russian army must work hard for it.
Kutuzov organized a defense line against the French army in Borodino, near the suburb of Moscow, and launched a main battle with the French army here.
Even though he had the advantage of home court, Kutuzov was defeated by Napoleon, and was forced to abandon Moscow’s defense and turn to the tactics of clearing the field and maneuvering, in an attempt to take advantage of Russia’s vast strategic depth and terrible winter to drag the French down here.
Even though Napoleon made sufficient logistical preparations, when he advanced to the vicinity of Moscow, the troops had reached almost half of the death rate due to terrain, climate and other factors, and the battle was almost over.
▲ Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon, of course, knew that time could not be delayed. He wanted to capture Moscow for strategic supply and repair time, but he was surprised to find that the Russians set fire to Moscow and did not leave a grain for the French army. Although Napoleon accomplished the achievement of breaking through Moscow three times, he won an empty city. However, even if the Russians choose to defend themselves, it is very likely that they were captured by Napoleon.
Although Russia is a big country, the essence of populated areas is only a little, and most of them are sparsely populated desolate areas, so the Russian strategy of dragging down the French army has received miraculous results.
When Napoleon finally decided to retreat from Russia, it was not the Russians who killed the French army the most, but the bad winter and logistics conditions. That is, with so much debuff, the Russian army finally won the French army, but still let Napoleon withdraw from Russia with the disabled soldiers.
If there is no such serious non-combat attrition, the victory or defeat of the emperor’s military talent is still unknown. At that time, it was impossible for any country and France to fight one-on-one on land, and they could only rely on group fights.
It can be seen that there are three possible ways to achieve the success of breaking through Moscow: first, attack from Asia; Second, civil strife occurred in Russia; Third, the Russians chose to give up Moscow.
But now, no matter which country wants to capture Moscow, it is even more difficult. After all, Russia’s military strength is here, and there are more nuclear bombs than the United States. Although the economy is weak, it still makes the enemy fear the existence of three points.
Original title: "Moscow, the capital of Russia: Have you ever been attacked by foreign enemies with the protection of severe winter? 》
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