Original Ben Xingjun understands this planet.

Author ▏ Riding like the wind

Produced by Ben Xingjun

As we all know, one of the major climatic characteristics of Russia is the extremely cold winter, so that countries that want to invade Russia have to worry about its extreme weather.

Nazi Germans during World War II could not bear the cold winter of the Soviet Union, and were not only repelled when they entered Moscow, but also killed in the end. The online discussion of the P5 also named the task of attacking Russia "Wrath of Winter", that is, the cold winter in Russia and the army are hellish challenges.

Since Russia is so difficult to fight, has the capital Moscow ever been breached by foreign enemies?

1. The Mongolian cavalry across the Asian continent broke for the first time.

In the 13th century, Eastern Europe was still in a state of numerous principalities and nomadic running.

However, on the Mongolian Plateau in East Asia, a new nomadic empire, Ran Ran, rose. After whipping the Central Plains, it moved westward into Central Asia, destroying the Khorezm, one of the most powerful Islamic countries at that time.

Mongolian cavalry has been pursuing the remnants of Khorezm to the Caspian Sea and reached the Caucasus Mountains, the dividing line between Asia and Europe.

▲ Eastern Europe in the early 13th century

The Qincha tribe in the northern Caspian Sea was defeated by Mongolian cavalry, and the leader of the Qincha tribe thought of asking for help from the Russian duchy in the Volga River basin.

This group of Russian principalities is a state composed of Slavs, which is the ancestor of today’s Russians. They helped Qincha people to resist Mongolian cavalry based on the consideration of losing their lips and teeth. As a result, they were defeated by Mongolian general Zhe Bie and Su Butai. This made the Russian countries and the Mongols have an issue.

After Genghis Khan’s third son, Wokuotai, ascended the throne, he decided to inherit his father’s career and conquer a wider area. He called the Curiti Congress in 1235 and made a resolution to conquer the Chincha and the Russian countries and then attack Europe.

He sent Shu Chi’s eldest son, Ba Dou, to lead 150,000 Mongolian troops to the west, and the Chincha tribe suffered a crushing defeat again, which made the Russian countries anticipate a catastrophe. The Mongolian army successively conquered Mordova and Yelizhan at the entrance of Woluosi’s house, and then directly slaughtered the city. Woluosi people recalled their fear of being dominated by Mongols.

▲ Three Western Expeditions of Mongolian Khanate

At this time, the representative of the Voros country was Kiev Ross, whose capital was Kiev, the capital of Ukraine today. Moscow has built a city, but it is not the capital, but it has become the next target for the Mongols to attack.

In 1238, the Mongols arrived at the gates of Moscow, and in just a few days, they broke through this important city and won the first kill to break through Moscow. Later, the Mongols won the battle and won all the Russian principalities, and Eastern Europe gradually became the sphere of influence of the Mongols.

▲ After the Western Expedition, Moscow became a part of the Golden Horde.

At that time, the Ross people had not yet formed a unified country, and naturally they could not resist the "whip of God". Until 1283, the Slavs built a Moscow Grand Duchy with Moscow as the capital, which was the predecessor of czarist Russia. The Grand Duchy of Moscow is a vassal state of the Mongolian Golden Horde, and it was not until 200 years later that it turned over to be the master.

Why didn’t the Russian winter work this time? The Mongols said that we have long been used to cold in the Mongolian Plateau, and we are not afraid of your winter at all.

2. The Polish Lithuanians exposed in Pingdu Town made a second breakthrough.

The so-called "no Poland" stalk on the Internet refers to the historical fact that Poland was divided up by Russia and Germany several times. Poles and Lithuanians once formed a powerful federation, attacking Germany on the left and Russia on the right, but it was awesome for some time. Moreover, they have also breached Moscow, so they have become bitter rivals with the Russians.

At the end of 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow finally got rid of the rule of the Golden Horde and became independent. In 1547, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was officially crowned czar, and the Russian regime under the Ryurik dynasty was formally established. Under his rule, Russia’s forces crossed the Urals and began to March towards Siberia, with an increasingly vast territory.

However, the country established by Ivan the Terrible is still not very stable.

In 1598, fyodor, the last czar of the Ryurik dynasty, died, leaving the dynasty with no heir. Boris Godunov, a consort aristocrat, took the place of Liurik dynasty and became emperor. Due to the lack of orthodoxy, Russian nobles did not obey his rule and clashed with each other, leading to political chaos.

At the beginning of the 17th century, another famine broke out in Russia, and peasant uprisings were everywhere. Boris Godunov did not take moderate measures to appease the nobles and the people, but instead resorted to terrorist politics to carry out bloody repression and hang thousands of opponents. This makes the country’s civil strife more serious and allows foreign enemies to find an opportunity to invade.

▲ Russia and the Kingdom of Lithuania in Poland in the 17th century

At that time, the Polish-Lithuanian Federation was in a strong period and coveted Russian land for a long time. At this time, a man appeared in the territory of Poland, pretending to be Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan IV, and wanted to take the place of Russian czar. Sigismund III, King of the Lithuanian Federation of Poland, seized the opportunity to support this cottage version of usurpation of power.

Lzhedmitrii promised to cede Smolensk and Seville on the western border of Russia to Poland after victory. Anyway, it’s not my own country, and Tian Xin doesn’t hurt.

In 1604, Sigismund III sent 4,000 Polish troops and hundreds of Ukrainian Cossacks to help Lzhedmitrii attack Russia.

Because Lzhedmitrii was under the banner of regaining the throne of the Ryuk dynasty, Russian aristocrats and people, out of dissatisfaction with the consorts czar, directly opened the door to welcome them into Moscow, and Lzhedmitrii succeeded in driving out the consorts czar.

In fact, this is not very strange. At that time, the royal families of European countries intermarried with each other, and often the nobles of country A could go to country B to inherit the throne.

But the fun is yet to come. The new czar fulfilled his territorial promise to Poland and married the daughter of a Polish landowner, consciously building Russia into a Polish vassal state.

As a result, the Russian people quit. We didn’t let you be the emperor to call other countries’ fathers. We just grabbed the guy and swept the fake out of the house.

Of course the Poles won’t do it. Didn’t I go to so much trouble to control Russia? I am going to take this opportunity to invade Russia on a large scale. Russia, however, was badly weakened and knew it was difficult to stop the Polish attack, so it turned to Sweden for emergency help.

If the Russians at that time could find the help of Gustav Adolphus, who later became a great power in Europe, maybe they could really stop the Poles. It’s a pity that Mr. Gu is still underage at this time. When the Swedes came to the rescue, Sigismund III also led an army into Russian land.

In 1610, Sigismund III and the Russian-Swiss allied forces launched an encounter in the village of Clushino, and the famous Polish cavalry severely cut the Russians and Swedes.

▲ Poles occupied Moscow.

The Moscow aristocrats themselves have a relationship with the Polish royal family, so they elected Prince Vladimir of Poland as the new czar of Russia, in order to make peace with the Poles.

In September, 1610, Moscow big noble once again opened its gate to the Poles, allowing them to complete the second breakthrough and staged the Russian version of the shame of Jingkang. Poles were rude and occupied a large territory in central and western Russia. Sweden, on the other hand, saw the Russians pull so hard that reinforcements turned into enemy troops and occupied Novgorod in the north.

Although the Poles captured Moscow, the Russian people did not want Polish rule. The Russian version of "Yue Fei" Zimamin organized resistance forces in Nizhny Novgorod and launched the action of "recovering the Central Plains" to the Poles.

Two years later, they finally avenged their "Jingkang shame" and regained Moscow. It is also because of this humiliation that the Russians launched a double revenge when the Polish country was weak.

3. Napoleon’s French army, which dominated Europe, broke through three times.

After the governance of Peter the Great and Catherine II, Russia became a more powerful Russian empire, reaching Alaska in North America. Arguably, no one can hit the Russian capital, right? The answer is that stronger people can do it! This time, the trader was Napoleon Bonaparte, the European God of War.

Still have to repeat the background. The French Revolution at the end of the 18th century made European monarchies panic. Britain, Austria and other monarchies organized anti-French alliances again and again, trying to stop France’s revolutionary expansion and return France to the rule of Bourbon.

However, France was one of the best powers in Europe before, and this time a military genius Napoleon appeared. He repeatedly broke the encirclement and suppression of the anti-French alliance, and also staged the Egyptian campaign to drive out the British forces. The battle of Austerlitz defeated Austria, and the battle of Jena-Olstadt occupied Berlin for 14 days to dissolve Shenluo, and the battles of friedland and Elou defeated the Russian army.

At that time, Russian czar Alexander I was personally Napoleon’s younger brother, and a series of battles also made him afraid of the strength of the French army. Napoleon also looked down on Alexander I, trying to force him to agree to join the "continental blockade" against Britain, trying to trap Britain economically.

After a period of cooperation, Alexander I found that the economic losses were serious, and the European continent was still inseparable from the trade with Britain, so he rebelled against France. After all, fans are only personal behaviors. As the boss of the country, we should put the national interests first.

▲ Russian Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825)

Napoleon saw this little brother dare to hook up with his arch-enemy Britain behind his back. Little brother, are you drifting? I immediately want to teach Russia a lesson by force. In 1812, Napoleon led more than 600,000 allied forces to attack Russia. His strategic policy is to annihilate the Russian main force through one or two decisive battles, and then capture Moscow to force the czar to surrender.

After several defeats in Smolensk and other places, the Russian military coach Barkley knew that frontal combat was no match for Napoleon, so he retreated step by step. However, the generals thought that Napoleon should be decisive, and Alexander I was also dissatisfied with the negative situation on the front line, trying to learn from Emperor Chongzhen a hundred years ago and let Kutuzov, the main battle, replace Barkley.

Although the capital of Russia was in St. Petersburg at that time, Moscow, as the old capital, still had very important strategic significance, so the Russian army must work hard for it.

Kutuzov organized a defense line against the French army in Borodino, near the suburb of Moscow, and launched a main battle with the French army here.

Even though he had the advantage of home court, Kutuzov was defeated by Napoleon, and was forced to abandon Moscow’s defense and turn to the tactics of clearing the field and maneuvering, in an attempt to take advantage of Russia’s vast strategic depth and terrible winter to drag the French down here.

Even though Napoleon made sufficient logistical preparations, when he advanced to the vicinity of Moscow, the troops had reached almost half of the death rate due to terrain, climate and other factors, and the battle was almost over.

▲ Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon, of course, knew that time could not be delayed. He wanted to capture Moscow for strategic supply and repair time, but he was surprised to find that the Russians set fire to Moscow and did not leave a grain for the French army. Although Napoleon accomplished the achievement of breaking through Moscow three times, he won an empty city. However, even if the Russians choose to defend themselves, it is very likely that they were captured by Napoleon.

Although Russia is a big country, the essence of populated areas is only a little, and most of them are sparsely populated desolate areas, so the Russian strategy of dragging down the French army has received miraculous results.

When Napoleon finally decided to retreat from Russia, it was not the Russians who killed the French army the most, but the bad winter and logistics conditions. That is, with so much debuff, the Russian army finally won the French army, but still let Napoleon withdraw from Russia with the disabled soldiers.

If there is no such serious non-combat attrition, the victory or defeat of the emperor’s military talent is still unknown. At that time, it was impossible for any country and France to fight one-on-one on land, and they could only rely on group fights.

It can be seen that there are three possible ways to achieve the success of breaking through Moscow: first, attack from Asia; Second, civil strife occurred in Russia; Third, the Russians chose to give up Moscow.

But now, no matter which country wants to capture Moscow, it is even more difficult. After all, Russia’s military strength is here, and there are more nuclear bombs than the United States. Although the economy is weak, it still makes the enemy fear the existence of three points.

Original title: "Moscow, the capital of Russia: Have you ever been attacked by foreign enemies with the protection of severe winter? 》

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　　"Mei Xiang" in the video on August 21st.

　　Meixiang’s profile picture

　　On the evening of August 21, the delivery room of the National Zoo in the United States delivered good news. Meixiang, a giant panda living in the United States, successfully gave birth to her cubs. At present, the mother and baby are safe.

　　Because Mei Xiang is 22 years old, it is rare to give birth to a cub smoothly. The American media used the word "miracle" to describe Mei Xiang giving birth again.

　　Excited panda fans in the United States sent "congratulatory messages" from all over the country, and the panda live room in the zoo once collapsed due to the skyrocketing number of views.

　　National Zoo:

　　Meixiang takes care of the baby carefully.

　　The National Zoo in Washington, DC, announced on the 21st that Mei Xiang, a giant panda in the park, gave birth to a cub that day, and the mother and baby were safe.

　　The National Zoo of the United States said on social media that Mei Xiang entered the "production mode" at around 3 pm local time on the 21st, and gave birth to her cub three and a half hours later. The zoo said that Mei Xiang was "taking care of the newborn panda baby carefully, caring for it and snuggling up to it".

　　Pamela Baker-Mason, a spokeswoman for the zoo, said that next, the breeder would let Mei Xiang raise the cubs independently and would not interfere.

　　"Maybe when the time comes, I will check the cubs while Mei Xiang is eating, but it is mainly on her own. Meixiang only needs to follow the instinct to take care of the cubs as before, and it and the cubs will be safe and sound. "

　　According to media reports, the zoo may be judging the sex of the cubs by detecting DNA, and when the cubs are "100 days", they will agree with the Chinese side on the name of the cubs.

　　Steven Monfort, director of the National Zoo in the United States, said that the giant panda is an international symbol of endangered wildlife and hope, and the birth of this precious cub brought much-needed moment of joy to the world.

　　On March 22 this year, the National Zoo of the United States artificially inseminated Meixiang, and the sperm frozen for five years came from the giant panda "Tim Tian" in the park.

　　Mei Xiang and Tian Tian started their careers in the United States in 2000. Their other three children, Beibei, aged 5, Taishan, aged 15, and Baobao, aged 7, have all returned to China.

　　The number of people watching the panda live broadcast

　　Soar by 1000%

　　Because Meixiang is over 22 years old, the garden originally did not expect it to give birth smoothly this year.

　　According to the garden, due to Meixiang’s age, the probability of successful childbirth is less than 1%. Therefore, Washington post used the word "miracle" to describe Mei Xiang giving birth again. According to the garden, Meixiang is the oldest panda born in the United States, and the cub born that day is also the first panda baby born in Washington in five years.

　　In addition, Meixiang is the first giant panda in the United States to give birth successfully after artificial insemination with frozen sperm, which is a "great achievement" in science.

　　Monfort said that Meixiang is "old" and the possibility of giving birth again is very low, but she still wants to give it another chance to contribute to the survival of the giant panda species.

　　The giant panda in the National Zoo is a household name in America. After Mei Xiang became pregnant this time, scientists and breeders observed it for five months.

　　About two weeks ago, ultrasound images showed non-uterine tissue, and it was not until last week that the fetus was confirmed to be found, and the garden immediately entered the state of delivery. The nationwide "Panda Powder" also pays attention to the live panda broadcast 24 hours a day, hoping to witness this exciting moment.

　　It is said that since last Friday, the number of people watching the panda live broadcast has soared by 1000%, which may be due to too many people watching, and the live broadcast website "crashed" several times, which made many people who were anxiously waiting for the birth of the panda baby also "collapsed".

　　Monfort said that the bandwidth of the garden website is limited, which can’t satisfy such a large number of enthusiastic fans. "I am worried that such a large amount of traffic will ruin the network."

　　The news that the National Zoo welcomed panda cubs quickly spread all over the United States. Major mainstream media made long reports, and netizens also shared their joy and sent blessings on social media.

　　Julie Pace, an Associated Press correspondent in Washington, said on social media, "This is the news we need in 2020!" There are other fans who hand-painted the portrait of Mei Xiang to celebrate.

　　Don Naif, the chief veterinarian of the park, said that the news that Meixiang gave birth during the COVID-19 epidemic was surprising.

　　China’s ambassador to the United States, Cui Tiankai, also sent his best wishes on social media, congratulating Mei Xiang and the National Zoo.

　　"Over the past 20 years, Mei Xiang and her children have been lovely witnesses of Sino-US cooperation and have constantly brought joy to the American people. This is a valuable gift at an unusual moment. " According to Xinhua News Agency

　　[Long-term test] In the past six months, I often met interested friends in the community and parking lot and asked, "How is this car driving?" Is the 2.0T belt moving? Is the fuel consumption high? " . As for the fuel consumption, there are detailed records at the end of each long-term test article, and the high-speed fuel consumption is also measured in a targeted way. The fuel consumption performance of 11-14L/100km is quite satisfactory. In today’s update, we will talk about the driving experience of the road-breaker in detail.

　　Judging from the car buyers, the vast majority of car owners who buy roads are still mainly using them. Occasionally, they will travel by car on weekends/holidays or meet three or five friends to go to the wild. For the use of most cities, the experience of the road walker is good. Except for the huge body, it takes time to adapt, and the low-speed steering and power adjustment are very light, which is very similar to the settings in many cities, even for female car owners. It will be easy to control this big guy.

　　The previous long-term test also mentioned many times that it is relatively easy for this 180 kW 2.0T engine to drive a roadrunner with a curb weight of 2.3 tons (it is also intended to stop production of the domestic 2.7L naturally aspirated engine and replace it with a 2.0T engine). The sensitivity setting of the accelerator pedal is very light, so it won’t be difficult to follow the car when the traffic lights start or are congested. When the city needs to speed up, the engine can provide more abundant output in the speed range of 1500rpm-2500rpm. According to the measured data in car home, the acceleration time of the road runner at 0-60km/h is 4.29 seconds, and the same acceleration time of Prado 2.7L and 3.0L takes 6.48 seconds and 5.84 seconds. Compared with Prado 2.7L, the power advantage of the road runner at 0-100km/h is nearly 5 seconds.

　　I can score 80 points for the overall evaluation of the 6AT gearbox of the road shaker. Most of the time, the smoothness and shifting logic are competent. Only when I follow the car at medium and low speeds, there will be obvious shifting dynamics occasionally. In addition, when I am driving at medium and low speeds, there have been several times when the gearbox "thinks about life" and can’t understand the driver’s intention. It is annoying to keep the low gear when it is obvious that it should be upgraded.

　　In terms of driving comfort, although the road walker came from Ford Asia Pacific and his family tree was his own, he still followed the good interior quietness of American cars, and the sound insulation of the whole car was good. Only when driving on the expressway can he feel more obvious wind noise. The driver can obviously feel the compactness of the whole vehicle. It is not more comfortable and more resilient than Prado. The advantage is that the control can better restrain the vehicle roll. The disadvantage is that the car body can obviously bounce when passing through the speed bump and small bumps, and even through some small gravel roads, all the small bumps can be transmitted to the car, which affects the ride comfort. Because the vehicle is too high and too big, if you encounter traffic jams, you will inevitably lean forward and backward, and the probability of motion sickness of passengers in the car will be greatly improved. There is no way, this is also a common problem of high-body hard-core SUVs, which can only be avoided by the driver’s better control of the body posture.

　　Generally speaking, apart from the occasional "stupidity" of the gearbox, the driver’s driving experience on urban paved roads is definitely among the best in the same class, with sufficient power and suspension, and it is also easy to swim in the traffic flow of urban loop after adapting to the body size.

　　Last month, I experienced the first light snow of this year. The low temperature of MINUS 6 degrees and the freezing rain the night before burned the road-shaking people parked outdoors, and I also had the opportunity to experience the winter car use of the road-shaking people.

●　Long-term fuel consumption measurement

●　Long measurement summary

The first thing to bear the brunt is our road-shaking long measuring vehicle.

　　Due to the requisition of our Road Shaker’s long test vehicle by the manufacturer to participate in the ice and snow test drive of Ford China SUV, the update of the long test article was delayed for two weeks. I apologize to you, and we will update the first issue before the Spring Festival. As the conclusion of this update says, regardless of power and driving quality, the road walker can be regarded as the leader of the hard-core SUV at the same price level. In fact, apart from the 2.0T gasoline version we talked about this time, I am also very concerned about the 2.2TD diesel version, and I hope to have a test drive once. Of course, I hope that manufacturers can introduce the diesel version of automatic transmission models. (Text/photo/photo by car home Hong Qi)

Today we brought this car. Come and see it quickly.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of Xuanjie Pro EV. The front of Xuanjie Pro EV has taken an angular route and looks simple. Then the domineering headlight design is adopted, which is very simple. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, delayed shutdown and so on. Come to the side of the car, the car body size is 4400MM*1831MM*1646MM, the car uses cold lines, the car body presents a sharp design style, with large-size thick-walled tires, giving people a very angular feeling. In the design of the rear end, the rear end and the front end echo each other from a distance, and the taillights give people a very unique feeling, and the shape is relatively young.

When I came to the car, the interior design of Xuanjie Pro EV was more comfortable and the visual effect was very good. The steering wheel of the car is well designed, and it is equipped with functions such as manual adjustment of the steering wheel up and down, which makes people fondle it. Take a look at the central control. The car is decorated with a stylish and dynamic touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior design quite layered and meets the aesthetic standards of most consumers. Finally, let’s look at the dashboard and seats. The dashboard of the car presents a simple design style, and the information is easy to read and clear. The car adopts imitation leather seats, which are wide and thick and comfortable.

Xuanjie Pro EV is equipped with a motor with a total power of 120KW and a total torque of 280N.m It has good acceleration, excellent cruising range and good power performance.

Equipped with driving mode selection, remote control key, traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), support for CarLife, Bluetooth /WIFI connection and other configurations, it has rich functions and greatly improves its convenience.

Many people buy SUVs because of their stronger passability. The car is practical and fully equipped, and it is a good helper for home travel. Like little friends, act quickly!

On January 25th, Jetway Auto officially released a group of official maps of the Silver Dragon Wings of Travelers. This car is the first product of Jetway JMK, the official refitted brand of Jetway Auto. Based on the fuel version of Traveler, it has a more domineering appearance and stronger off-road performance. The car will be officially launched on January 28, and the price has not been announced yet. The guide price range for travelers on sale is 139,900-184,900 yuan, and 1.5T and 2.0T engines are available.

The IT House noticed that the front face of the Wings of the Traveler Silver Dragon was very sharp, the front bumper was replaced with a brand-new shape, and the front grille was decorated with light groups, making the front of the car look even more cool. The new car also pioneered the mortise-and-tenon structure, and the original factory reserved 40+expansion and upgrade interfaces, which can be customized according to the needs of users and expand the use scenarios of vehicles.

In terms of off-road capability, the Traveler’s Silver Dragon Wing is equipped with 255/55 R20 all-terrain off-road tires, which can cope with all kinds of road conditions. There is also a multifunctional platform on the roof, where all kinds of luggage or equipment can be placed. There is also a separate space box at the back, which can increase the storage space. These off-road kits not only improve the practicality of the vehicle, but also enhance the visual effect of the vehicle.

The length, width and height of the Wings of Voyager Silver Dragon are 4782/2036/1960mm, and the wheelbase is 2800mm. The length, width and height of the Jetways on sale are 4785/2006/1880mm, and the wheelbase is 2800mm.

In terms of power, Voyager Yinlong Wing is equipped with a 2.0T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 187 kW and a maximum torque of 390 Nm, which is matched with a 7-speed wet dual-clutch gearbox or an 8-speed automatic manual transmission.

　　　A month ago, when Mr. Xu of Xiaoshan was taking a bath, the tempered glass in the bathroom suddenly burst. He was cut by glass crumbs, covered in blood, with more than 50 wounds, large and small, and more than 20 stitches.

　　This news caused a heated discussion among readers. Many readers have left messages, and they have experienced such a terrible experience, and the tempered glass burst without warning.

　　@ It’s dawn at five o’clock: My family is the same. The children in Grade One got five stitches in their knees. At that time, blood and fountains burst out, and the mother and son were scared to death.

　　@ Miss Little Face Cat: When I was taking a shower, the glass in the bathroom exploded. Fortunately, there were only a few small holes. I am a girl, and I am still scared when I think about it. Now I bought a waterproof curtain for the broken one in the bathroom, and I dare not install it.

　　@ Lin: The glass of my shower door was blown up before, but fortunately there was no one in the bathroom.

　　@ Meng Xiaoyan: Our family also exploded. Fortunately, I just washed my daughter’s face in the washbasin next to it.

　　@ 嗭嗭嗭嗭: The problem of self-explosion of tempered film in the comment area is indeed serious, not a small probability! The year before last, the toughened film on my balcony blew itself up. Fortunately, people were not on the balcony! The other day, the tempered film in the bathroom exploded again, but fortunately it was not there. It was terrible. It exploded all over the place!

　　Speaking of the bursting of tempered glass, @ Netizen Tu Tu still has a lingering fear. "At that time, our two children were only over one year old. I took a bath at night and washed Xiaobao before I went to wash." Tu Tu said, "Suddenly, I slammed my back and turned around. My head was stunned and buzzing. When I reacted, glass slag splashed everywhere. There were small wounds on my hands and back and blood everywhere."

　　Tu Tu said, but fortunately, it was himself who took a bath, not a child. If Xiaobao was scratched by the glass, he would feel even more distressed.

　　After that, Tu Tu’s husband put films on both sides of the bathroom glass. "It doesn’t matter whether it looks good or not, and safety matters."

　　@ 京京京京京 also experienced the bursting of tempered glass in the bathroom. "Fortunately, there is no one at home. After that, the glass door is no longer installed at home and a waterproof curtain is put on."

　　Why does tempered glass explode itself? What is the probability?

　　The simplest theoretical explanation is: thermal expansion and thermal contraction.

　　Tempered glass is not glass with iron added, but made of ordinary glass after heat treatment and cooling. Generally, tempered glass is 4-6 times stronger than ordinary glass, so it is called "steel".

　　Compared with ordinary glass, after ordinary glass is broken, it will produce large sharp flaky fragments; Cracks in tempered glass will form obtuse-angled particles similar to honeycomb, which is relatively safer.

　　However, it does not mean that it is completely safe.

　　The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences has done a popular science: under certain conditions, such as a sudden drop in temperature, tempered glass may explode itself, because the phase transition of nickel sulfide in the glass makes the volume expansion stress of tempered glass unbalanced, which leads to explosion.

　　Of course, the composition of tempered glass is more complicated. We have checked the information, and there is also an explanation that it is caused by simple silicon, and it may also be caused by visible defects such as stones, sand, bubbles, gaps and scratches.

　　The data show that the self-explosion rate of ordinary tempered glass is 0.1— 0.3%。 In other words, 1 to 3 households in 1000 households have the probability of explosion.

　　Every family has a shower room. How to eliminate this potential safety hazard?

　　In addition to talking about their own experiences, netizens have also made online suggestions.

　　@ Zhang Yong: The shower glass must be affixed with explosion-proof film! The self-explosion of tempered glass is an inherent characteristic of tempered glass, which is unpredictable. Even products that meet the national 3 certification will have the risk probability of self-explosion. Remember, the shower glass must be affixed with explosion-proof film!

　　@ Wu Qinghua: The bathroom should be installed with double-sided laminated glass. Even if one piece of glass is exposed, another piece is good. Because there is a layer of glue in the middle, glass slag will not fly around after exposure.

　　@ Lao Niu: Explosion-proof film should be attached. I posted the shower room in my house when it was delivered. We must nip in the bud. @ inch grass heart: My shower room burst in the middle of the night, but fortunately, people are fine. Use tempered glass must film, it is safer to use double-layer tempered glass, if it is too expensive, waterproof curtain!

　　Is the film useful?

　　In the reader’s message, we will synthesize everyone’s opinions:

　　For those under renovation, choose double glass; If it has been renovated, quickly film it; If it is too expensive, use waterproof curtains.

　　Film pasting, is it reliable? The suggestion given by the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Post it! The most important thing is to determine whether the tempered glass is coated with an explosion-proof film. The safety explosion-proof film is generally a high-performance polyester film, which will make the self-exploding particles stick to the film without injuring people.

　　On the online shopping platform, the price of explosion-proof films ranges from several pieces to tens of yuan. According to the size of the area, various glass films have the functions of anti-collision, explosion-proof, waterproof and moisture-proof.

　　Tempered glass coated with the film may also burst, but the self-exploding glass particles will stick to the film. Relatively speaking, the chance of broken glass hurting people will be greatly reduced.

　　Of course, the best way to prevent tempered glass from bursting and hurting people is to use waterproof curtain cloth and wooden door instead of tempered glass, which will be much safer.

　　A few days ago, it was reported that the Indian army had already equipped the "BrahMos" missile jointly developed by India and Russia, but the Russian army refused to equip it. Under the pressure of India, the Russian navy is considering equipping at least one ship with the "BrahMos" missile.

　　So, what is the performance of this type of missile? Why is Russia so slow to use it? Let’s get to know each other.

　　Research and development background of "Brasmo" missile

　　India and Russia jointly developed the BrahMos missile in December 1995. At that time, the Indian navy was vigorously promoting the policy of "the Indian Ocean is the Indian Ocean", which not only cost huge sums of money to introduce aircraft carriers and other ships, but also organized various domestic forces to develop advanced anti-ship missiles.

　　However, India has to seek international cooperation due to insufficient technical reserves. Under the background of strategic partnership between India and Russia, in February 1998, India and Russia signed a memorandum of understanding, and the two sides worked together to develop a new type of anti-ship missile, with the design code name PJ-10.

　　The name of the missile is BrahMos, which is the abbreviation of the famous rivers of the two countries-the Indian Brahmaputra River and the Russian moscow river River. The meaning of naming a new missile with this newly coined word is self-evident.

　　After careful guidance from Russia, Indian DRDO organization became familiar with the design and development process of supersonic anti-ship missiles, and exercised the domestic military team, achieving a new breakthrough in the localization of BrahMos missile production.

　　fundamental characteristics

　　BrahMos cruise missile has the characteristics of high precision and difficult to be found, and has successfully completed 14 tests. BrahMos missiles can be divided into two types (anti-ship type and land attack type) according to the target, and can be launched from four platforms, including mobile land-based platforms (trucks or trains), surface ships, submarines or planes. The launch type of land-based and surface ships has been deployed, the submarine launch system is being tested, and the air launch type is still being developed.

　　The missile weighs 4 tons, has a diameter of 70 cm, is 8 meters long, has a maximum range of 300 kilometers and a maximum payload of 500 kilograms (the maximum range and payload are limited by the international missile control system). The missile’s sea-skimming altitude ranges from 10 meters to 15 kilometers, and its maximum flying speed is Mach 2 in high-density air near the sea surface and Mach 2.7 in thin air at a height of 7 kilometers. The missile has three propulsion systems. First, the gas generator pushes it out of the missile box, then the solid fuel propeller accelerates it to Mach 2, and then the liquid fuel jet propulsion system delivers it to the target.

　　The missile can be launched at any angle and is extremely destructive. Two kinds of explosives can be configured. After contacting the target, one explosive explodes, and the other explodes after several milliseconds through the gap opened by the previous explosion. The missile can be launched in waves. Each truck can carry three sets of missile storage and transportation pipes, a generator and a control center. The launch interval of each missile is 5 seconds, and each missile can target different targets. For sea-based targets such as ships, airborne reconnaissance systems, such as aircraft, helicopters or drones, are needed to provide target data.

　　Its guidance system has been updated. The composite seeker can help the missile adopt inertial guidance mode in the middle of flight and radar guidance in the end of flight, which has the ability of "leaving the tube behind after launch" Radar seeker has dual guidance mode, and generally works in passive guidance mode, which can reduce the probability of detection.

　　Russia just doesn’t pretend.

　　In 1998, Russia and India began to jointly develop BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles. The sea-based and land-based types of this type of missile have been contracted for test firing and entered the Indian navy and army.

　　However, the Russian army had no plans to equip BrahMos missiles before. A Russian Defense Ministry official also said on the 20th that it was really difficult to deploy BrahMos missiles on active ships of the Russian Navy, and neither the Steregushchy nor the active submarines could be equipped with this type of missiles, because the ship construction specifications were not suitable for assembling BrahMos missiles.

　　But now, under the pressure of India, the Russian navy is considering assembling this type of missile for at least one ship.

　　[Aika Auto New Car Review Original]

　　In the summary of China brand pure electric heavy new cars, traditional manufacturers and new power manufacturers can be described as a hundred flowers blossom. Besides pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles are also the focus of China brands in the last two years. In 2021, many car companies have released their own hybrid platforms and launched corresponding models. In this year, the popularity of hybrid vehicles is still unabated, so in this article, we will summarize the heavy hybrid new cars that China brand will be listed soon.

　　◆ BYD destroyer 05

　　Destroyer 05 is the first model of the warship series in BYD Ocean Network. In the warship series, the SUV model is named after the cruiser, the MPV model is named after the landing ship, and the car model is named after the destroyer. Destroyer 05 also made its debut during the Guangzhou Auto Show, positioning itself as a compact car, which is expected to be launched in the first quarter of this year.

　　In fact, destroyer 05 can also be regarded as a sister model of Qin PLUS DM-i, which is equivalent to BYD’s "two-car strategy", but it doesn’t make things clear. The length, width and height of destroyer 05 are 4780*1837*1495mm, and the wheelbase is 2718mm, which is basically the same as that of Qin Plus DM-I. Although the size of the car body is not much different, the difference in appearance is still obvious.

　　From the appearance alone, destroyer 05 is completely different from BYD’s existing "Dragon Face" design, but uses a brand-new design style. The application of borderless grille makes the front of the car more imposing, and with all-LED headlights and penetrating LED strip, the recognition of the front of the car is very high. The side adopts the coupe body design, and the body posture with low front and high back creates a good sports vision. The design of the rear of the car is relatively simple, and a good layering is created through the embellishment of lines and decorative pieces.

　　In interior design, destroyer 05 is similar to BYD’s Dynasty series in overall layout, but the overall style of the interior is different through color matching, the trend of atmosphere lights and materials. The central control uses a 15.6-inch rotating floating screen and an 8.8-inch full LCD instrument. At the same time, a newly designed knob shift mechanism is added to further enhance the sense of science and technology in the car.

　　As for power, destroyer 05 is equipped with a DM-i hybrid system, and the 1.5L engine provides the maximum power of 81kW(110 HP) /6000rpm and the maximum torque of 135 N m/4500 rpm. Two cruising ranges of 55km and 120km are available, of which the 55km cruising range version has a maximum power of 132kW and a maximum torque of 316Nm；. The 120km cruising range version of the motor has a maximum power of 145kW and a maximum torque of 325Nm.

　　◆ BYD Cruiser 05

　　Cruiser 05 is also a key model in BYD Ocean Network. It is reported that Cruiser 05 will be positioned as a medium-sized SUV. At present, this car has not been officially unveiled, and the information about this car on the Internet is only in disguise. However, it is reported that this car will be officially launched in the first half of the year.

　　Judging from the spy photos exposed on the Internet, the cruiser 05 should use the same design language as the destroyer 05, and the overall contour of the car body is very similar to the previously released X DREAM concept car. Both the large-size air intake grille and the overall shape of the car body have maintained a high similarity with the X DREAM concept car. It is reported that the wheelbase of Cruiser 05 will reach 2900mm, and Bitang DM-i will be 80mm longer.

　　As for the interior, there is no information at present. You can refer to the interior of destroyer 05 in the ocean net, which will basically maintain the same style. At the same time, cruiser 05 is expected to adopt a 7-seat layout.

　　In terms of power, there is no specific information at present, but you can refer to destroyer 05. It is expected that cruiser 05 will also be equipped with DM-i hybrid system, and the power parameters are consistent with destroyer 05. The maximum power of 1.5L engine is 81kW(110 HP) /6000rpm, and the maximum torque is 135 N m/4500rpm. The 55km cruising range version of the motor has a maximum power of 132kW and a maximum torque of 316Nm；; The 120km cruising range version of the motor has a maximum power of 145kW and a maximum torque of 325Nm.

　　◆ Starway chasing the wind ET-i

　　Star Road Chasing Wind ET-i is the first plug-in hybrid vehicle under Star Road, and the pre-sale price was officially released on January 20th. The new car was launched in two versions, namely, Royal Fashion and Riding Wind. The pre-sale price was 150,000 yuan and 160,000 yuan respectively. At present, this car has also arrived in the store one after another and is expected to be officially listed in the first quarter.

　　From the appearance point of view, the Star Road Chasing Wind ET-i is consistent with the ordinary fuel version, and the design of the penetrating daytime running light is very eye-catching. The headlights are composed of four LED light sources, and the large air intake below also enhances the sense of movement. The new model will provide three body colors, namely Ji Xiaolan, Li Taibai and Sima Hui. In terms of body size, the length, width and height of the Star Road Chasing Wind ET-i are 4533*1848*1699mm and the wheelbase is 2670mm, which is consistent with the fuel vehicle.

　　The interior also maintains the same design as the fuel car, equipped with a 12.3-inch dual screen and built-in Lion Smart Cloud 4.0 system. The only difference from the fuel version is that EV and HEV buttons are added below the air outlet of the air conditioner to adjust the driving mode (pure electric/hybrid). In terms of configuration, the new car comes standard with panoramic sunroof, matrix LED headlights, dual-zone automatic air conditioner, N95 antibacterial air conditioner filter, etc., while the high-profile model is also equipped with inductive memory electric tailgate, AR enhanced live navigation, SONY brand stereo, 540 panoramic HD image and other configurations.

　　In terms of power, Starway Chasing Wind ET-i will be equipped with a full-engine super-mixing system with nuclear power. With the cooperation of a 1.5T inline four-cylinder engine and a dual-drive motor, the comprehensive maximum power can reach 240kW(326 HP) and the comprehensive maximum torque is 510Nm. Using 19.27kWh ternary lithium battery pack, NEDC has a pure electric cruising range of 105km. In the state of power shortage, the fuel consumption of the car under NEDC condition is 4.8L/100km.

"Beauty is eternal.

Because everyone is pursuing it.

Regardless of the cultural background and the changes of the times

At the same time, beauty cannot be eternal.

Because it changes rapidly. "

——《Timeless Beauty》

Part.1 What is beauty?

In 2018, Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show came to a perfect conclusion. Apart from the familiar faces of Liu Wen, He Sui and Ming Xi, the most eye-catching feature of this year’s Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show is the debut of vitiligo supermodel Winnie Harlow in Victoria’s Secret.

Winnie Harlow’s debut in Victoria’s Secret

Winnie Harlow’s appearance on the stage of Victoria’s Secret is not only an inspiration to vitiligo patients, but also a redefinition of beauty in the fashion world. Before that, "beauty" may be mentioned, and most people think of YCY’s small face and exquisite facial features.

However, I’d rather be 90-year-old Shar Faye than 20-year-old YCY.

Daphne Selfe, the 90-year-old international supermodel, naturally reminds people of beauty when she is mentioned. What kind of legendary old man is this? Her beauty has not faded with age. The following documentary film "Beautiful Eternity", a Chinese-French co-production to be premiered in Asia at the 2018 China (Guangzhou) International Documentary Festival, will take us to visit and perhaps find the answer.

This 90-minute film is a large-scale survey of the global fashion world. By exploring the status of more than a dozen top models in the fashion world, let us re-examine our own aesthetics.

Timeless Beauty poster

The film is scheduled to be held at the 2018 China (Guangzhou) International Documentary Festival.

Yanhuo art fashion unit

Show

Part.2 Beauty has nothing to do with age

"Nature gives you a face at the age of 20.

Life shapes your 30-year-old face

And the appearance at the age of 50 depends on yourself. "

DAPHNE SELFE

Daphne Selfe

"I think everyone has a teenager living in their hearts, and I am no exception. I am very sure about this. I think my body will get old, but my mind will be younger. "

This is what Shar Fei, who is 90 years old, said in the film. She is called "the oldest model in the world". The word "old man" applies to 90 years old, but it doesn’t seem to apply to her. When other old people are lying in hospital beds, she may be walking on the runway of a fashion show.

For a long time, there has been an unwritten rule in the modeling circle that the average retirement age of female models is 26. Once you get old, it means the end of your career. Many girls enter the modeling industry at the age of 15, and by the age of 26, they are considered to be about to be scrapped.

But Shar Fei’s beauty doesn’t stop at the age of 26. She started to be a model in 1949, and now she has been a model for nearly 70 years. Even at the age of 90, she still maintains an enviable figure as a grandmother of four children.

Daphne Selfe stills

Physical aging is an inevitable natural phenomenon. Many models in the fashion circle will undergo plastic surgery to keep young and beautiful, but Shar Fei thinks that true and natural beauty can impress people. As long as you have a young mind, even if you have obvious signs of aging, you will think you are very good.

How can we keep our beauty and value? This international supermodel who has experienced the "grandmother level" in the fashion circle has her own secrets. We can sum up the beauty secrets shared by Daphne Selfe into three points: young mind, positive attitude and healthy life.

These three seemingly ordinary secrets are actually applied to our lives. Many young models strictly control their diet, and insist on fitness and exercise to shape their perfect bodies. However, compared with the beauty of appearance, Shar Fei has always maintained a young mind and a positive attitude towards life that they can’t match, and it is these inner qualities that shape her unique beauty that others can’t match.

Jasmina Rossi, another international supermodel, also has her own views on the secret of maintaining beauty.

YASMINA ROSSI

Jasmina Rossi

60-year-old Jasmina Rossi still has a girlish figure and an angelic face. She has been a catwalk for 30 years and has become a grandmother of two children, but she never wants to stop her career. She is fully armed like armor by major brands: saint laurent, Hermes Hermès and Jil sander Jil Sander. However, besides being a model, she is also a visual artist, a handcrafted artist, a photographer and a ceramist.

Jasmina Rossi stills

Despite being one of the oldest models, she is still full of confidence in herself and sticks to her true self, which is the unique flash of Jasmina Rossi.

"When I came here, I was 45 years old. At that time, my hair was gray, so I became one of the oldest models in the circle. In fact, I am very popular. Although I have always remained the same, I have not had cosmetic surgery or dyed my hair. I am who I am, purely natural and unadorned. "

Jasmina Rossi stills

Jasmina Rossi tells us that aging is inevitable, so it is better to be the truest self frankly than to escape and hide. However, many times, "old" is not a derogatory term, and the precipitation of years presents a different kind of beauty. Philip Du Masi, who became famous in his old age, is such a vivid example.

PHILIPE DUMAS

Philip Du Masi

Philip Du Masi, a 62-year-old male model, suddenly became popular on the Internet because of a group of pictures after his retirement. He always dreamed of being a model, and he happened to be a model at the age of 60. And has become the world’s oldest and sexiest male god recognized by the fashion world, an absolute international media star, and the object of competition among major model companies.

Philip Du Masi stills

Now confident and successful, he doesn’t think highly of himself when he was young. Compared with his young body, age may be a kind of accumulated and precious wealth for Du Masi.

"I feel much better about myself than when I was 20 years old. When I was young, I was very withdrawn and was a borderline autistic patient. Looking back, going out to eat and making new friends made me extremely nervous. Now, I like making friends, which makes me very happy. In the past, I lacked self-confidence. Now I am much more confident. Now I am older and more experienced, so I look at things differently. "

Philip Du Masi stills

Fashion not only brings them a way to express beauty, but also meets the demands of a group or even more people to express beauty. While maintaining their own beauty, they are also the brand of a group of people, and 60-year-old model Catherine Loy therefore loves her career.

"What interests me in my job is being able to convey information. First of all, I want to send a message to women my age. Judging from the reaction I got, they are very happy that there are people like them in the fashion industry who can represent them. Secondly, what surprised me even more was the reaction of young models, who were very positive. "

Part.4 Beauty has nothing to do with appearance (atypical model)

"We always find beauty in imperfect things.

Imperfect things are much more interesting.

Obesity, race and age will not affect the judgment of beauty. "

TESS HOLLIDAY

Tess Holliday

Tess holliday, who is only 165 in height but 22 in figure, is the first oversized model to sign a contract with a famous modeling agency. Previously, because her weight and height did not meet the model standards, she was rejected by the model selection agency many times. She once launched the "Alternative Aesthetic Standards Movement", boldly shared her fat figure, and finally got her wish and became an excellent model.

Tess holliday stills

Many years ago, Tess Hody was not recognized because of her obesity, and she was troubled and depressed. But she has been bravely pursuing beauty and calling on us to redefine the standard of beauty. She initiated the "tic-tac-toe label" movement and created a new aesthetic definition.

"This has changed my life and changed the way I look at myself. I hope others can benefit from it like me."

Although in today’s society, our aesthetics tend to be slim and slim, obesity should not be a derogatory word, it is just an adjective, even an adjective that can be linked with beauty.

In the Tang Dynasty, fat was once regarded as beauty. History has recorded that Yang Guifei, one of the four most beautiful women in ancient China, is 164 cm tall and weighs 69 kg. Therefore, the mainstream aesthetics of society does not necessarily represent beauty. Being as light as a swallow is one kind of beauty, and being round and graceful is another kind of beauty.

There is no exact definition and standard of beauty. Another atypical model, Abd Mazyani, told us that even a defect can be a unique beauty as long as it is bravely accepted and expressed.

ABDE MAZIANE

Abd al-Mazzani

Mazzani, who is also an atypical model, looks a little weird in the traditional aesthetic sense, but this is the unique feature that others can’t imitate as a model.

Abd Mazzani stills

"Appearance is not the only criterion to define beauty. It is superficial to judge beauty only by appearance. Whether fat or thin, disabled or limb-less, it is too simplistic to generalize everything into appearance, not to hide myself, but to get out of the shadows and show people that I accept myself. If I accept myself, others will accept me. "

Abd al-Mazzani’s words made us think deeply. Nowadays, many people call themselves "Appearance Association". When we pursue beauty, we automatically equate the concept of beauty with the beauty of appearance, but beauty is far from it. Youth will fade away, skins will grow old, and when all the glitz on the outside fades away, what remains is eternal beauty.

Fashion circle sells dreams

Everyone agrees with this.

Maybe in some people’s hearts.

This beautiful dream is eternal youth.

Or maybe it’s a beautiful skin

But beauty has nothing to do with these, and it is still eternal.

As a small suv, Honda XR-V has many bright spots. Let’s take a look at its performance.

First of all, from the appearance, the Honda XR-V front looks very simple as a whole, and the mid-net shape uses a layered design, which looks sporty. Then the comfortable headlight design is adopted, which adds a little more exercise. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, front fog lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the size of the car body is 4380MM*1790MM*1590MM. The car adopts soft lines, and the car side looks very simple. With large-sized thick-walled tires, the shape is quite beautiful. In the design of the rear end, the rear end echoes the front face, and the taillights give people a very simple feeling. The exhaust pipe adopts the barrel design, which is still relatively domineering and stylish in general.

When I got into the car, the interior design took a hard line, which reflected the sense of design. The car looks very good outside the steering wheel, and it is made of genuine leather, giving people an impulse to control it. Take a look at the central control and decorate it with a 9-inch central control screen, which makes the interior design quite layered and very consistent with the temperament of the car. Let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats again. The car is equipped with a spiritual dashboard and is full of technology. The car uses leather seats, equipped with functions such as seat proportion down, and the overall comfort is acceptable.

Honda XR-V is matched with CVT gearbox, with a maximum power of 91KW and a maximum torque of 145N.m, and its power performance is good.

Equipped with car networking, driving mode selection, remote control key, rear wiper, traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.) and other configurations, it has rich functions and greatly improves its convenience.

Such a car with the right price is enough to meet the daily practical needs, and it doesn’t take much thought to maintain it at ordinary times, and the cost performance is good. If you have plans to buy a car, Xiao Bian thinks it can be included in the alternative list.