1. In the medical expenses for serious illness, taxpayers are hospitalized at the end of the year and discharged at the beginning of the second year. How to calculate the deduction for such inter-annual medical expenses? Is it deducted separately in two years?

A: Taxpayers are hospitalized at the end of the year and discharged at the beginning of the following year. Generally, medical expenses are settled when they are discharged. Taxpayers who claim to enjoy medical deduction for serious illness shall be subject to the settlement time on the medical expense settlement form. Therefore, the medical expense expenditure belongs to the second year.

For example, if a taxpayer is hospitalized at the end of 2022 and discharged at the beginning of 2023, he can enjoy the deduction in 2024 if he meets the conditions of medical deduction for serious illness by the end of 2023.

2. Can I enjoy the deduction when I see a doctor in a private hospital?

Answer: For private hospitals included in the medical insurance settlement system, as long as the taxpayer’s medical expenses can be reflected and collected in the medical insurance system, the taxpayer’s expenses related to basic medical insurance can be deducted for serious illness according to regulations.

3. The husband and wife have serious medical expenses at the same time. If both of them are deducted from the husband, what is the deduction limit?

Answer: Husband and wife have eligible medical expenses for serious illness at the same time, so they can choose to deduct both of them from the husband’s side. The deduction limit is calculated separately. The maximum deduction for each person is 80,000 yuan, and the total maximum deduction limit is 160,000 yuan.

4. Special additional deduction for serious illness medical treatment, is it also necessary to deduct medical expenses for hospitalization, and medical expenses without hospitalization cannot be used as special additional deduction?

A: According to the Interim Measures, the medical expenses incurred by taxpayers related to basic medical insurance, after deducting the personal burden after medical insurance reimbursement (referring to the self-paid part within the scope of medical insurance catalogue), are deducted within the limit of 80,000 yuan. In other words, the medical expenses for serious illness only need to meet the above conditions, regardless of whether the taxpayer is hospitalized.

5. Does the out-of-pocket part of the medical deduction for serious illness include the out-of-pocket part under the deductible line of medical insurance reimbursement?

A: There is no provision for the deductible line of medical insurance reimbursement in the special additional deduction policy for serious illness medical care, so as long as it belongs to the deductible part within the scope of medical insurance catalogue.

6. How to inquire about medical expenses for serious illness?

A: You can download the "National Medical Insurance Service Platform" through your mobile phone, and after registration, you can query it through the "Annual Expense Summary Query" module on the home page. You can also fill in according to the medical service charges of seriously ill patients and the self-paid amount of personal burden within the scope of medical insurance catalogue on the bills related to medical insurance reimbursement.

Original title: "Error-prone points of special additional deduction for individual tax-medical treatment for serious illness"

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CCTV News:Weihai Economic Development Zone in Shandong Province has a coastal industrial coastline of 19 kilometers. In recent years, the local area has fully tapped its development potential, cultivated leading enterprises and built an industrial cluster of offshore equipment.

At present, at the Weihai Shipyard in Jinling, China Merchants, the eighth ro-ro passenger ship is finishing its work.

Li Wenxiu, Technical Manager of 271 Ship of China Merchants Jinling Ship (Weihai) Co., Ltd.:The ship not only meets the latest requirements for safe return to Hong Kong, but also has the functions of waste heat recovery of main engine, waste heat recovery of air conditioner and zero discharge when berthing.

Weihai Economic Development Zone has a coastal industrial coastline of 19 kilometers. In recent years, they have focused on the development of high-end marine equipment and vigorously cultivated a number of leading enterprises such as Jinling Shipyard. The current order of the shipyard has been scheduled for 2028.

To ensure the development of key enterprises, Weihai Economic Development Zone implemented the system of leadership subcontracting and daily contact service, and the needs of enterprises quickly received attention. The Development Zone Management Committee coordinated the cooperation between Haida Logistics and the shipyard.

Wang Dengpan, Deputy Director of Economic Development Bureau of Weihai Economic Development Zone:The whole area of Haida Logistics Project is 30 mu, and the construction area is close to 20,000 square meters. After completion, no suitable project has been found, and the factory building is idle.

The two sides hit it off, initially reaching 5-mdash; Ten years of cooperation intention has fully released the production capacity of Jinling Shipyard. To cultivate high-end offshore equipment industry, the Economic Development Zone has also made efforts in industrial chain docking and investment promotion, reducing enterprise costs and promoting cluster development.

Wang Jinpo, Deputy Director of China Merchants Bureau of Weihai Economic Development Zone:Up to now, the production project of Shandong Electrician and submarine cable with an investment of 3 billion yuan has been signed and landed, and the production base of unmanned boats will start construction immediately.

China Youth Daily, founded on April 27th, 1951, is the central organ of the Communist Youth League and an influential central media with young people as its main readers. Comrade Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for China Youth Daily. China Youth Newspaper has 33 reporter stations in China and resident reporters in 7 countries and regions.

China Youth Newspaper persistently armed its mind with the Supreme Leader’s New Era Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought, always adhering to the duty and mission of "educating people for the Party and the country", making every effort to create a leading position for young people’s ideology and politics, and further promoting the reform of visual integration, remoulding all-media elite, and constantly improving the dissemination, guidance, influence and credibility of news and public opinion according to the goal of building a domestic first-class media organization in the youth field of the Party with firm politics, distinctive features and wide influence.

I. Historical evolution

On April 27th, 1951, with the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China leaders such as Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai, China Youth Daily was founded in Beijing.

In 1950s, China Youth Daily publicized the stories of Huang Jiguang and Qiu Shaoyun who fought bravely to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend their country, as well as young heroes and model workers such as Hao Jianxiu, a Qingdao textile worker who created advanced operation methods, and Wang Chonglun, an Angang worker who was "ahead of time". In the 1960s, the spirit of "serving the people wholeheartedly" and "one is not afraid of hardship, and the other is not afraid of death" was publicized by China People’s Liberation Army soldiers Lei Feng and Wang Jie.

On August 20th, 1966, China Youth Daily was closed due to the "Cultural Revolution".

On October 7, 1978, with the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China Youth Daily was reissued.

After the re-publication, China Youth Daily reported the deeds of Zhang Zhixin who fought bravely against Lin Biao and Jiang Qing’s counter-revolutionary group, Zhang Haidi who was physically and mentally disabled, the China women’s volleyball team and other young advanced figures and collectives, and reported the advanced deeds of young reformers who were brave in pioneering from all walks of life.

In October 1998, the online edition of China Youth Daily was launched.

In May 2000, Zhongqing Online Website was officially launched.

In November 2016, the freezing point warm smell client was upgraded to China Youth Daily client.

In March, 2017, the central kitchen featured by China Youth Daily was put into use.

In October 2019, 100% equity of Zhongqingwang New Media Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. was transferred to China Youth Newspaper, and China Youth Network became the main news website of China Youth Daily, and the Zhongqing online website under the newspaper was transformed into a news culture video website.　

In May 2020, China Youth Daily’s "Media-melting Kitchen" was fully upgraded to "Media-melting Cloud Kitchen", and in July, China Youth Daily’s client version 4.0 was launched.

In April, 2021, the 70th anniversary of the publication of China Youth Daily, the reform will start again.

In April, 2022, China Youth Newspaper held the launching activity of "Release of Youth Cultural Big Data Project System and Construction of Youth Cultural Big Data Headquarters Base" with the theme of "Linking the Future to Illuminate Youth", and the headquarters base was located in the newspaper "Youth Yuan Family of the universe".

Second, the purpose of running a newspaper

Since its founding, several generations of central leading collectives have cared for China Youth Daily, and successive secretariats of the Communist Youth League Central Committee have attached great importance to China Youth Daily, giving China Youth Daily a special mission and ardent expectation of uniting with young people, guiding and educating them, inspiring them and caring for them. China Youth Newspaper has always combined firm party spirit with distinctive youth characteristics in various historical periods of new China’s construction, reform and opening up, building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a socialist modern country in an all-round way, and determined a series of major newspaper ideas and policies, such as "Ideological Newspaper, Banner Newspaper, Knowledge Newspaper, Battle Newspaper", "Tighter with the Central Committee, Closer with the youth", "Serving the growth of the youth and promoting social progress" and "Youth pays attention to the youth". Constantly explore ways of communication that young people love, inspire them with ideals and beliefs, arm them with scientific theories, inspire them with the spirit of the times, enrich them with modern knowledge, cultivate them with noble sentiments, publicize their advanced figures, inspire their spirit of struggle, enlighten their spiritual wisdom, reflect their aspirations and voices, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, and unite and inspire them to make contributions to the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China Youth Daily has thoroughly studied, publicized and implemented the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, consciously undertaken the mission of raising the banner, gathering people’s hearts, cultivating new people, promoting culture and displaying image, strived to give full play to the unique role of the youth mainstream media in educating people for the Party, serving the overall situation, serving the whole group and serving the youth, accelerated its March to the new mainstream media, and made every effort to create a new platform for governing the country. We will create a new pattern of international communication with internal introduction and outreach, create a beautiful and practical new service that benefits the country and the people, strive to build the party’s first-class domestic media organizations in the field of youth, and enhance the online communication, guidance, influence and credibility for young people.

In 2022, China Youth Newspaper actively promoted the development of media integration reform, and "Media-melting Cloud Kitchen" continued to play a central role, and the China Youth Daily client "warm BaoBao" visual channel was launched; Differentiated development of two central websites, China Youth Network and Zhongqing Online; The newspaper registered more than 200 institutional accounts on the third-party platform, and the head accounts of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network such as WeChat, Weibo, Tik Tok, Aauto Quicker, headline number and Baijia number played a leading role; The "Green Hornet" column has 20 million users and continues to maintain its head position in the short news video of the central media. The newspaper actively promotes the reform of "visualization", visually reshapes the elite of all media, and defines "visualization" with 10 indicators: let words "stand up" to speak portraits; Let the mirror image "live" to show the graphic meaning; Let the video "green" to activate the first line; Let the broadcast be "special" and play a real drama; Let the process "stand up" and be beautiful and full; Let the data be "deep", dig widely and dig carefully; Let the scene be "used" and round; Let governance be "excellent" and gather wisdom; Let the content be "shipped" and effective; Let the integration be "all", and strive to achieve high-quality integration of "four all-media" (full-process, holographic, full-staff, full-effect).

Third, the newspaper layout

In 2023, China Youth Daily was completely revised. At present, there are news pages and special supplements featuring young people, such as important news, youth topics, international, sports, thinkers, culture, twilight, school media, entrepreneurship, youth voice, reading, science, youth survey, Tuantuan BaoBao, Zhongqing sight, 12355 youth hotline, healthy China, ethnic education, etc.

Fourth, newspaper distribution

China Youth Daily publishes 48 editions every week, with print outlets in 24 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) in China. It adopts satellite transmission and has a distribution and marketing network covering all parts of the country.

China Youth Daily has a mailing code of 1-9, and the annual subscription price is 396 yuan. You can subscribe to it at various post offices, or through the online business hall of China Post or WeChat search for "China Post Micro Post Office".

China Youth Newspaper also has two sub-newspapers: Youth Reference (postal code 1-64) and China Young Writers Newspaper (self-published).

V. Awards

In 2022, six works including the communication "Life and Death Line 5" won the 32nd China News Award.

In 2022, more than 10 works (activities) such as "Writing the Youth Chapter on the Motherland" online theme publicity and interactive guidance activities won the 2021 China Positive Energy "Five Hundred" online boutique award.

The intelligent project of "Merging Media and Cloud Kitchen" was selected as "Innovative Case of China Newspaper Industry Integration Development in 2021".

　　The first episode of the large-scale TV feature film "Pilot" and the second episode of "Sailing at the helm" and "Science Guide" will be grandly launched on October 8 at 20: 00 on CCTV-1, the Central Radio and Television General Station, and CCTV news, CCTV video and CCTV network will be launched simultaneously.

　　In order to welcome the victory of the 20th Party Congress, Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, together with the Central Party History and Literature Research Institute, the National Development and Reform Commission, the State Administration of Radio and Television, the Central Radio and Television General Station, the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission and other units, produced 16 episodes of large-scale TV feature film "Pilotage". "Pilotage" focuses on the extraordinary and magnificent course that the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core unites and leads the whole party and people of all nationalities in the new era, shows the powerful truth power of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the great practice of the new era, comprehensively reflects the historic achievements and changes in the cause of the party and the country since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and vividly presents the happy life and good spiritual outlook of the people in the new era.

The first episode of sailing at the helm

　　"Jiangshan is the people, the people are Jiangshan, fighting Jiangshan, guarding Jiangshan, and guarding the hearts of the people."

　　In February 2015, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited northern Shaanxi. When Liang Jiahe recalled the seven years of educated youth, he said with deep affection:"At that time, I said that if I had the conditions and opportunities in the future, I would go into politics and do something good for the people."

　　From the yellow land, from the village party secretary to the local leaders, and then to the leaders of the most populous country in the world, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader always cares about the people.

　　"The people’s yearning for a better life is our goal."

　　Since he became the general secretary, he has traveled all over the country in many urban and rural areas, factories, mines, schools and communities, asking about the warmth and coldness, looking at the barn, uncovering the lid, and chatting at home.

　　Let the people live a happy life is the "big country" in the mind of the Supreme Leader General Secretary. He always remembers the daily necessities, food, clothing, housing and transportation of the people, one by one, and one by one.

　　In 2014, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader accepted an exclusive interview with Russian TV:"As national leaders, we have committed ourselves to many countries. We must be conscientious, feel at home, and stay up all night. There is a song called "Where has all the time gone?" Then my time has also gone to other places, which is obviously taken up by work. "

　　People lead and people love.

　　In November 2021, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee profoundly pointed out:

　　The Party’s establishment of the core position of the Party Central Committee and the whole Party, and the guiding position of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era reflect the common aspiration of the whole Party, the whole army and the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country, which is of decisive significance to the development of the cause of the Party and the country in the new era and the historical process of promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

The second set of science guide

　　"I think that realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the greatest Chinese dream of the Chinese nation in modern times."

　　The Chinese Dream has given a new era connotation to the persistence and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and injected inexhaustible power to unite and inspire hundreds of millions of Chinese people to forge ahead.

　　The pace of theoretical innovation of the party in the new era has also started.

　　Theoretical innovation and practical innovation promote each other and reflect each other.

　　From the Third and Fourth Plenary Sessions of the Eighteenth Central Committee to the Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions, the "four comprehensive" strategic layout has been laid out and gradually developed.

　　A series of original new ideas, new ideas and new strategies, the party’s theoretical innovation has made great achievements continuously, and a new theoretical system is ready to emerge.

　　The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China solemnly put forward Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era and wrote it into party constitution.

　　The first session of the 13th National People’s Congress passed a constitutional amendment, which enshrined the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era in the Constitution.

　　Just as a new era will not come in the natural evolution without historical initiative, new ideas are by no means created at the flick of a finger.

　　After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in the face of new situations and new problems, the Supreme Leader General Secretary always has keen insight and in-depth research, and his research footprint is getting deeper and deeper.

　　Giving timely instructions on major issues reflected by all parties is an important way for the CPC Central Committee to govern the country and an important link to promote theoretical innovation.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, a series of important instructions issued by the Supreme Leader General Secretary have vividly reflected the sensitivity and courage of policy makers, and also reflected the feeling that the people have a call and will respond.

　　Theory guides practice, and practice gives birth to theory. With the deepening of the great practice in the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core insists on respecting the initiative of the masses, concentrating the wisdom of the whole party, and constantly studying major issues that have a bearing on the overall situation and the long-term and making arrangements.

　　The Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee profoundly pointed out that the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era is contemporary China Marxism and 21st century Marxism, and it is the essence of Chinese culture and China spirit, which has achieved a new leap in the China of Marxism.

　　On April 20th, the journal Tumor Biology (hereinafter translated as Tumor Biology) under SAGE Publishing House in the United States issued a retraction statement, announcing that 107 papers written by China authors would be revoked, which were suspected of providing false peer review information in violation of regulations. Another international organization, The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), claimed: "These illegal operations seem to be planned by some third-party organizations, which provide such illegal services for the authors of papers."

　　107 articles were rejected by journals.

　　The reporter of Beijing Youth Daily saw on the website of Tumor Biology that the journal released a retraction statement on April 20th: "According to the recommendation of the Publishing Ethics Committee, publishers and editors decided to retract the manuscript. After a thorough investigation, we believe that the paper has violated the rules in the peer review process. "

　　In the retraction statement, the journal listed a statement posted on the website of the Publishing Ethics Committee, which stated: "The organization has realized that several journals belonging to different publishers have systematic and inappropriate manipulation in the peer review process. These operations seem to be planned by some third-party organizations, which provide this service for the authors of the papers. "

　　According to the reporter of Beiqing Daily, Oncology Biology is the official magazine of the International Society of Oncology and Biomarkers, which once belonged to Springer-Verlag Publishing House. The website introduces its impact factor as 2.926. Springer Publishing House is one of the largest scientific and technological publishing houses in the world, which is famous for publishing academic publications. At the end of 2016, "Tumor Biology" was transferred to American SAGE Publishing House. Since January this year, American SAGE Publishing House has started publishing this journal.

　　The author of the withdrawn manuscript involves many hospital doctors.

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily noticed that there were 107 papers mentioned in Tumor Biology that were withdrawn, involving many cities in China. Most of the authors are hospital doctors, and their institutions are affiliated hospitals of domestic universities, including Zhejiang University Affiliated Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Hospital, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Xiangya No.1, No.2 and No.3 Hospitals and other well-known hospitals.

　　Yesterday, the reporter of Beiqing Daily tried to contact the author of the withdrawn paper listed in the journal. Among them, among several authors published in Regulation of Activating Protein-4-Associated Metastases of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Mir-144 in 2016, Zhang Zefeng, deputy chief physician of the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, admitted that he had published a paper in Tumor Biology at the same time, but he said that he only participated in the relevant research as a member of the scientific research team, and he was not clear about the specific process of publishing the paper. Liu Junfeng, another chief physician of the hospital, refused the interview on the grounds that the identity of the reporter could not be verified.

　　Peer review is accused of fraud.

　　In a statement issued by the Publishing Ethics Committee, it was mentioned: "Some institutions that provide services for authors to publish papers are suspected of fraud in peer review."

　　Peer review mentioned in the retraction statement is a kind of review procedure, and the publishing unit will choose whether to accept the manuscript or not by this method. The specific operation is to let other experts and scholars in the same field review the academic works to be published. In the peer review, the real names and e-mail addresses of experts and scholars participating in the review need to be provided, and the editorial department of academic journals will confirm the review opinions to these experts and scholars by e-mail.

　　Although the names of the peer-reviewed experts of 107 papers that have been rejected are true, their e-mail addresses are suspected to be false. Because many experts who mentioned their names, publishing institutions have their e-mails, which can’t match the e-mail addresses provided in these papers.

　　An industry insider who has been engaged in peer review told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that the editorial department was not sure whether the review comments were true because it was suspected that the email address of the review experts was false.

　　The industry believes that these papers with suspected problems did not fulfill their review duties at the beginning of publication. Because even if the author of the paper provides false peer review information, the editorial department of the journal can contact the experts and scholars who are named for review to verify it, because many of those experts and scholars are in the expert database of academic journals, but they have not verified it.

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily noticed that in August 2015, springer announced the withdrawal of 64 papers published in its 10 academic journals, all of which were from China authors. As early as March 2015, British publishing house BMC announced the withdrawal of 43 academic articles, 41 of which were written by China. In these two cases, publishers gave reasons for "suspected fraud in peer review".

　　A doctor in the affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University, who asked not to be named, said that no matter how busy the doctor is, he can’t find a third-party agency to represent the paper. "Under normal circumstances, our contributions to international journals are carried out in the journal official website, and we operate in the order of instructions. The paper intermediary is unreliable. If something goes wrong, even the doctor may not be able to do it. Once the paper is considered fraudulent, it will be ruined. "

　　Text/reporter Guo Linlin Intern reporter Xu Lina Liu Sijia

　　Scholars are studying how virtual reality can help treat traumatic stress syndrome, anorexia nervosa and anxiety.

　　Researchers have found that virtual reality (VR) is not only a popular video game, but also can be applied to medical treatment.

　　It has been proved that it has the function of "trauma recovery"

　　"What can the virtual reality displayed by head-mounted devices bring to people?" Professor Skip Rizzo, the head of the medical virtual reality program at the School of Creative Technology of the University of Southern California, said, "It can immerse people in a controllable simulation environment, thus helping them overcome their fears or face the trauma of the past."

　　Rizzo began to study the potential medical applications of virtual reality in 1990s. His early research explored the role of simulated game environment in brain trauma recovery. After the success of this research, he began to study other medical applications. At present, he has proved that virtual reality can help to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eating disorder, depression and attention deficit disorder.

　　Virtual reality is the most effective treatment for PTSD. PTSD patients generally relieve their illness by staying away from the causes of anxiety, fear, memories and thoughts related to traumatic events. However, such measures can only provide short-term protection. In the long run, it strengthens the cognition that these incentives are harmful, making it more difficult for patients to recover.

　　In order to overcome this difficulty, psychologists invented an extremely effective step-by-step contact therapy. This therapy requires patients to recall traumatic events gradually and repeatedly. The principle is that through this imaginary contact, the problem patient can deal with the emotions related to traumatic events and realize that there is nothing to be afraid of.

　　The key to this therapy is to rely on imagination. But can people really recall traumatic experiences clearly and effectively? What about those who are unwilling or unable to remember?

　　So virtual reality appeared.

　　This technology does not make people imagine scenes or events, but "teleports" the user safely from the comfortable bench in front of the doctor to another space.

　　Advantages and disadvantages of virtual reality interventional therapy

　　Rizzo believes that the benefits of virtual reality interventional therapy are manifold. It circumvents the human tendency to escape, and at the same time "deceives" the brain to believe that this exposure is true.

　　According to Rizzo, the frontal lobe of the brain knows that this is only a simulation, but the limbic system, that is, the fight-and-flight area, can respond in an immersive way. "This is what we are trying to achieve. We try to activate fear, and at the same time there is no actual bad thing to break the conditional cycle. " He said, "This is the charm of this technology. It allows people to interact with what they fear on the cognitive level, while the brain can respond immersively. "

　　Like all exposure therapies, VR therapy makes patients get used to this kind of stimulation or a certain scene gradually, so as to ensure that they will not encounter secondary trauma.

　　But the patient’s wishes are still important. Because even if informed consent is obtained and the process is gradual, there is still evidence that long-term exposure to incentives — — This practice is considered as the "gold standard" therapy for PTSD — — It may also do more harm than good to some patients.

　　According to Slate, the researchers found that this therapy led some veterans to have a tendency of violence, suicide and depression. The relationship between this phenomenon and exposure therapy based on virtual reality is not clear.

　　Rizzo’s lab works with many soldiers or veterans with PTSD. His research shows that virtual reality therapy is more effective than traditional therapy. For example, in a study in 2014, 20 active soldiers received an average of 11 virtual reality immersion sessions each. Among them, 16 soldiers no longer suffered from PTSD after receiving treatment, and the symptoms of PTSD in each of these 20 soldiers were reduced by 50%.

　　The application scope is constantly expanding.

　　A study in January 2019 found that this therapy is also very effective for trauma in the military. By the end of the treatment, 53% of the veterans were diagnosed with PTSD, and three months later, the number dropped to 33%.

　　Other studies have also found that virtual reality can also help treat victims of car accidents and citizens and rescuers involved in the World Trade Center attack.

　　Based on the same principle, this technology is also effective in treating disorders such as anxiety and anorexia: exposing patients to what they fear, so that they can gradually overcome their escape behavior.

　　Dr Giuseppe Riva found that the immersive nature of virtual reality even helps to treat eating disorders. As a professor of psychology at the Catholic University of Milan, Italy, and the chief researcher of the neuropsychological technology application laboratory, Riva first wore a virtual reality helmet in 1995. A wonderful feeling hit him: he couldn’t feel his body. At that time, he was studying anorexia nervosa, which, in his view, was a "disorder of body sensation". He began to think about whether letting patients with eating disorders experience virtual reality environment can help them overcome this disease.

　　In the following years, Riva developed a "realistic" virtual reality experience. In this experience, patients with cognitive disorder of body size can live in another body with different sizes. This "materialization" can alleviate the cognitive disorder of anorexia patients. According to Riva, the working principle of this technology is that due to cognitive dissonance of body size, the brain simulates a larger body than it actually is. To correct this cognition, we can "cheat" it with the real simulation that the brain can’t predict and make it change its cognition.

　　"When you enter another body, your brain will be shocked because it can’t predict and act." He said, "This forces the brain to recalculate the experience of the body."

　　Riva is also studying how virtual reality can treat bulimia. Because of the failure of the mechanism connecting food cognition and eating desire in the brain, people with bulimia can’t stop craving for food. In order to help patients overcome this mechanism, Riva invented an immersive virtual reality environment. In this environment, people are exposed to the food they crave. By simulating food, the subjects have to resist the desire to eat them, thus slowly learning to separate the cognition of food from the desire to eat.

　　This interventional therapy is more effective than traditional behavioral therapy in inhibiting bulimia. Riva believes that this is because virtual reality has a far-reaching impact on people compared with simple language.

　　"Virtual reality directly affects emotional and cognitive mechanisms, and these mechanisms are the basis of human emotions and cognition." He said, "Cognitive behavioral therapy is more suitable for correcting the understanding of specific emotions and feelings. Only by changing both at the same time can the therapeutic effect be achieved. "

　　So far, all these medical applications have been confined to the laboratory. With the gradual popularization of this technology, research will continue to prove its efficacy. Rizzo and Riva said that they have seen that in the near future, doctors all over the world will use virtual reality technology. At the same time, both researchers clearly pointed out that virtual reality will not "replace" traditional therapy, but "assist" it.

　　"People will say, ‘ Oh, all treatments will be done in virtual reality. ’ But this view misses the point. It is just out of the enthusiasm for virtual reality. " Rizzo said, "We can clearly distinguish between deception and enlightening ideas. Research will record something really valuable. "

　　Zhang Jingying Dong Yucan/Compiled

Internal emergency word [2021] No.23

The relevant offices of the emergency management bureaus, departments and organs of each Union City:

The emergency rescue plan for production safety accidents of metallic and nonmetallic mines in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (for Trial Implementation) is hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

March 15, 2021

Metal and nonmetallic mines in Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionProduction safety accident

Emergency rescue plan (for Trial Implementation)

1 General rules

1.1 Purpose of compilation

In order to thoroughly implement the instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on emergency management, safe production, disaster prevention, mitigation and relief work, firmly establish the concept of people first and life first, comprehensively improve the emergency rescue response capability of production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines in the autonomous region, timely and effectively handle production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines, standardize the emergency management and emergency response procedures for production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines, establish an emergency rescue working mechanism with unified leadership, graded responsibility and rapid response, minimize casualties and property losses, and earnestly safeguard people’s lives.

1.2 working principles

(1) People-oriented, safety first. Give top priority to ensuring people’s personal safety and health, and prevent and reduce casualties and property losses caused by production safety accidents to the maximum extent. Effectively strengthen the safety protection of emergency rescue personnel, prevent secondary disasters from expanding the scope of accidents during the rescue process, and give full play to the backbone role of professional rescue forces and the basic role of the people.

(2) Unified leadership and graded responsibility. Under the unified leadership of the Party committee and government of the autonomous region, the people’s governments at or above the county level and the relevant departments of the autonomous region shall, according to their respective duties and authorities, be responsible for the emergency management and emergency disposal of production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines. Metal and nonmetallic mining enterprises are the main body responsible for emergency rescue of production safety accidents. In accordance with relevant regulations, they should formulate emergency rescue plans for production safety accidents and strengthen drills, store emergency relief materials, establish full-time and part-time emergency rescue teams, and improve the emergency management mechanism.

(3) The combination of areas and regions is mainly territorial. The leadership and command of on-site emergency response to production safety accidents shall be given priority to by the local people’s government, and the chief executive of the local people’s government shall be responsible. The relevant departments of the autonomous region shall closely cooperate with the local people’s government and give full play to the guiding and coordinating role of accident emergency rescue.

(4) Relying on science and standardizing according to law. According to the actual situation of the emergency rescue site, scientifically and reasonably formulate the on-site emergency rescue plan, give priority to the use of domestic and international advanced emergency rescue equipment and technology, make overall arrangements for all kinds of emergency rescue forces, give full play to the technical support role of emergency rescue experts, and effectively improve the emergency rescue capability of production safety accidents. Standardize emergency rescue work according to law to ensure the scientific, authoritative and operable emergency plan.

(5) Prevention first, combining peacetime with wartime. Thoroughly implement the policy of "safety first, prevention first, comprehensive treatment" and adhere to the combination of emergency rescue and accident prevention. Do a good job in prevention, prediction, early warning and forecasting, and do a good job in risk assessment, material reserve, team building, equipment improvement, and pre-plan drills under normal conditions.

1.3 compilation basis

(1) People’s Republic of China (PRC) Law on Work Safety;

(2) People’s Republic of China (PRC) Emergency Response Law;

(3) People’s Republic of China (PRC) Mine Safety Law;

(4) Emergency Regulations on Production Safety Accidents;

(5) Regulations on Reporting, Investigation and Handling of Production Safety Accidents;

(6) Regulations of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region on Work Safety;

(7) Measures for the Administration of Emergency Plans for Production Safety Accidents;

(8) Measures for the Administration of Emergency Plans;

(9) National Emergency Plan for Production Safety Accidents and Disasters;

(10) Overall Emergency Plan for Emergencies in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region;

(11) Notice of the General Office of the State Administration of Work Safety on Printing and Distributing the Framework Guidelines for Emergency Plans of Safety Supervision Departments (No.222 [2011] of the General Office of Work Safety);

(12) Safety Regulations for Metal and Non-metal Mines.

1.4 Scope of application

This plan is applicable to the emergency rescue work of the following metal and nonmetal mine production safety accidents within the administrative area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region:

(1) a major accident that causes more than 10 deaths and less than 30 deaths, or more than 50 people and less than 100 people are seriously injured, or more than 50 million yuan and less than 100 million yuan of direct economic losses;

(2) Exceeding the emergency handling capacity of the Union Administrative Office and the Municipal People’s Government, or major and above accidents across the administrative region of the Union City; ?

(3) according to the requirements of the higher authorities and the Party committee and government of the autonomous region, the rescue degree is difficult and complicated, the social concern is high, and the influence is wide, which requires the autonomous region to coordinate all forces to deal with the accident urgently;

(4) other accidents that need emergency treatment in the autonomous region.

2 organizational system and responsibilities of relevant institutions

2.1 emergency rescue organizations and responsibilities

2.1.1 Autonomous Region Emergency Management Office

The emergency management department of the autonomous region set up a leading group for emergency rescue and command of production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines (hereinafter referred to as the "leading group"), which is responsible for the organization, coordination and command of emergency rescue of production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines under the unified leadership of the Party committee and government of the autonomous region.

Group leader: Party Secretary and Director of the Emergency Management Department of the Autonomous Region.

Deputy Head: Member of the Party Committee and Deputy Director in charge of the Emergency Management Department of the Autonomous Region.

Members: Office, Press and Publicity Department, Policy and Regulation Department, Investigation, Evaluation and Statistics Department, Disaster Relief and Material Support Department, Emergency Command and Dispatch Center, Rescue Coordination and Plan Management Department, Earthquake and Geological Disaster Rescue Department, Safety Production Foundation Department, Safety Production Comprehensive Coordination Department, Safety Production Enforcement Bureau and Emergency Rescue Expert Group.

(1) Responsibilities of the leading group: to implement the relevant laws, regulations and rules of the state and autonomous regions on emergency rescue of production safety accidents, and guide the emergency rescue headquarters at the accident site to formulate emergency rescue plans; Responsible for the comprehensive coordination, command and dispatch of emergency rescue, mobilize and deploy professional emergency rescue teams and social emergency rescue forces, coordinate and deploy emergency rescue machinery, equipment, materials and equipment, and dispatch and guide accident emergency rescue work; Collect and master the accident and emergency rescue work, timely convey the instructions of the superior and the instructions of the Party Committee and government of the autonomous region, release relevant information to the relevant media, and report the progress of accident emergency rescue work to the Emergency Management Department and the Party Committee and government of the autonomous region in a timely manner.

(2) Members’ responsibilities:

Office: responsible for the internal and external liaison and coordination of the leading group. Responsible for conveying and implementing the instructions of the group leader and deputy group leader on emergency rescue work, receiving important instructions and instructions from the leading comrades of the Party Committee and government of the autonomous region, submitting them to the leaders of the office for reading and approving, and supervising the implementation, and assisting in meeting preparation, manuscript review and information submission.

Press and Publicity Department: responsible for news and publicity of accident emergency rescue and public opinion response. Inform the public and the news media about the accident and emergency rescue, assist the local government and relevant departments to do a good job in the news release of the accident scene, and correctly guide the media and public opinion.

Policy and Regulation Department: responsible for the legality review, administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation of normative documents on accidents and emergency rescue.

Investigation, Evaluation and Statistics Department: to undertake the investigation and handling of production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines at the same level, supervise and guide the investigation and accountability of accidents at lower levels, and make statistical analysis of emergency rescue work.

Disaster Relief and Material Support Department: organize and coordinate the allocation and emergency distribution of important emergency relief materials, organize and coordinate with relevant departments of the autonomous region to urgently transfer and resettle the affected people, provide subsidies for the restoration and reconstruction of houses damaged by the disaster and provide living assistance to the affected people, and undertake the management, distribution and supervision of the use of relief funds and materials in the autonomous region.

Emergency command and dispatch center: to undertake the comprehensive work of the headquarters of major production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines in the autonomous region. Responsible for receiving and handling the accident and emergency rescue information reported by the accident place, receiving and conveying the instructions of the emergency management department, the party committee and government of the autonomous region on emergency rescue, reporting the accident and emergency rescue situation and superior instructions to the team leader and deputy team leader in time, and issuing relevant instructions according to the instructions of the team leader and deputy team leader. Be responsible for notifying the members of the leading group to immediately respond to the emergency rescue and disposal of accidents, communicate with on-site emergency personnel and emergency rescue teams, coordinate professional emergency rescue teams and social emergency rescue forces in the whole region, coordinate emergency rescue machinery and equipment, and command and dispatch the emergency rescue work where accidents occur.

Rescue Coordination and Plan Management Office: it undertakes the on-site coordination and guarantee work of the headquarters of the autonomous region to deal with major production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines, coordinates and guides the construction of emergency rescue forces in the whole region, and guides the construction of local and social emergency rescue forces.

Earthquake and geological disaster rescue department: to guide and coordinate the emergency rescue work of metallic and nonmetallic mine accidents caused by earthquake or geological disasters.

Safety production foundation: responsible for providing relevant information of accident units, organizing relevant experts to participate in the formulation of emergency rescue plans and emergency rescue work.

Comprehensive Coordination Office of Work Safety: Coordinate and contact the relevant member units of the Autonomous Region Safety Committee to participate in the emergency rescue work of production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines.

Law Enforcement Bureau of Work Safety: Participate in the emergency rescue of production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines.

Emergency rescue expert group: according to the actual situation of the accident site, carefully analyze the causes of the accident, participate in the formulation of the rescue plan for production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines, and timely put forward suggestions on the adjustment of the rescue plan according to the progress of the rescue work; Participate in the formulation and implementation of on-site emergency rescue safety technical measures, strictly guard against on-site rescue secondary disasters, effectively prevent and control the expansion of accidents and disasters, and put forward technical opinions and suggestions for emergency rescue decision-making. ?

2.1.2 On-site emergency rescue headquarters and responsibilities

According to the principle of graded response, the on-site emergency rescue headquarters is composed of the municipal people’s government of the Union where the accident occurred. The main person in charge of the municipal people’s government of the Union is the chief commander of the on-site emergency rescue, the person in charge of the municipal people’s government of the Union is the deputy commander of the on-site emergency rescue, and the relevant departments and units of the municipal people’s government of the Union, the people’s governments at flag and county levels, metal and nonmetal mining enterprises with accidents, relevant medical institutions, professional rescue teams, social rescue forces and emergency rescue expert groups are members of the on-site emergency rescue headquarters. On-site emergency rescue headquarters set up comprehensive coordination group, emergency rescue group, material logistics group, medical and health group, transportation group, public opinion control group, professional and technical group and other organizations, responsible for directing all rescue teams, machinery and equipment and rescue personnel participating in accident emergency rescue, and reporting the progress of accident and emergency rescue work to the emergency management office of the autonomous region in time. The emergency management department of the autonomous region sent a working group to participate in the emergency rescue at the scene of the accident, to guide the emergency rescue work at the scene of the accident, and to assist the emergency rescue headquarters in coordinating the emergency rescue team, emergency rescue machinery, equipment and professional technical force. Need external rescue forces and rescue machinery and equipment reinforcements, submitted to the autonomous region emergency management department unified coordination and scheduling.

Metal and nonmetallic mine accidents cross several administrative regions of the Union City, cross many industrial fields or have a significant impact. With the consent of the leading comrades of the Party Committee and the government of the autonomous region, the people’s government of the autonomous region will set up an on-site emergency rescue headquarters. The leading comrades and leaders in charge of the people’s government of the autonomous region are the chief commander and deputy commander of the on-site emergency rescue respectively, and the relevant departments and units of the autonomous region government are members of the on-site emergency rescue headquarters to uniformly command and coordinate the on-site emergency rescue work. The on-site emergency rescue headquarters office is located in the emergency management department of the autonomous region, and is responsible for conveying and implementing the instructions and orders of the on-site emergency rescue headquarters, coordinating and contacting, and organizing the emergency rescue work for production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines.

2.2 Department cooperation

If the emergency rescue work of metallic and nonmetallic mine accidents needs the cooperation of multi-departments in the autonomous region, under the unified leadership of the Party committee and government of the autonomous region, the emergency management department of the autonomous region communicates and coordinates with the relevant departments of public security, industry and information, ecological environment, natural resources, health, meteorology, communications, news propaganda and public opinion control in a timely manner, and works closely together to carry out emergency rescue work.

3 prevention and early warning mechanism

3.1 Monitoring and reporting of major risks and hidden dangers

In accordance with the relevant laws, regulations and rules of the state and the autonomous region, metallic and nonmetallic mining enterprises should establish archives for major risk control and rectification of major accident hidden dangers, formulate work plans according to the requirements of implementation time limit, personnel, funds, measures and plan "Five Implementations", timely implement risk control measures, timely implement rectification of potential safety hazards, and submit relevant materials to the local emergency management departments at the county level for the record as required. Analyze and study the major potential risks that may cause accidents in time, take effective preventive measures, stop production and evacuate people when necessary, and strictly prevent the occurrence of production safety accidents.

Emergency management departments at all levels in the autonomous region and relevant emergency rescue agencies should establish archives of major risks and hidden dangers in metallic and nonmetallic mines within their respective jurisdictions, regularly analyze and study the hidden dangers that may lead to production safety accidents, study and formulate emergency rescue work plans and strengthen drills, promptly notify relevant departments and enterprises to take effective preventive measures, and timely report or notify the local people’s government or relevant departments about major risks and hidden dangers in accordance with relevant regulations.

3.2 Early warning mechanism

According to the safety risks and hidden dangers of metal and nonmetallic mines in different seasons, different time periods and different regions, and according to the recent accidents of metal and nonmetallic mines in the autonomous region and other provinces and cities, the emergency management department of the autonomous region and the emergency management departments of the Union City and Qixian County timely issued accident warning information such as accident notification and reminder letter to the lower emergency management departments and metal and nonmetallic mining enterprises, learned from the accident lessons, took preventive measures in time, strengthened hidden danger investigation or special inspection, and strengthened accident prevention and early warning to prevent similar accidents or other accidents.

3.3 accident report

After a production safety accident, metal and nonmetal mining enterprises should quickly start emergency response, fully carry out accident rescue work under the premise of ensuring the safety of rescuers, implement safety precautions to prevent the accident from expanding, and fully reduce casualties and property losses.

(1) After an accident occurs in a metal and nonmetal mining enterprise, the relevant personnel at the site shall immediately report the accident to the person in charge of the enterprise, and immediately carry out self-help and mutual rescue according to the on-site emergency disposal work plan under the condition of ensuring their own safety. In case of emergency, the relevant personnel at the scene of the accident can directly report to the emergency management department of the people’s government at or above the county level where the accident occurred and the relevant departments responsible for the supervision and administration of production safety.

(2) After receiving the accident report, the person in charge of the enterprise shall report to the emergency management department of the local people’s government at the county level and the relevant departments responsible for the supervision and administration of production safety within 1 hour, and the emergency management department at the county level and the relevant departments responsible for the supervision and administration of production safety shall report to the people’s government at the county level.

(3) The emergency management departments at the county level and the relevant departments responsible for the supervision and administration of production safety shall report the accident information step by step, the major accidents shall be reported to the emergency management department of the people’s government of the autonomous region and the relevant departments responsible for the supervision and administration of production safety step by step, and the major and especially serious accidents shall be reported to the emergency management department of the State Council and the relevant departments responsible for the supervision and administration of production safety step by step, and the reporting time at each level shall not exceed 2 hours.

(4) The emergency management department of the autonomous region shall report the accident to the people’s government of the autonomous region and the emergency management department in a timely manner after receiving the report of major and above accidents.

(5) The main contents of the accident report: the general situation of the accident unit; The time and place of the accident and the scene of the accident; A brief account of the accident; The number of casualties caused or likely to be caused by the accident (including the number of people unaccounted for) and the preliminary estimated direct economic losses; Measures already taken; Other circumstances that should be reported. In the process of emergency rescue, it is necessary to report the progress of emergency rescue work in time.

3.4 Site protection

After the occurrence of production safety accidents, metal and nonmetal mining enterprises should strengthen the safety protection at the scene of the accident, set up a working group for on-site safety protection, draw a warning distance, delimit the warning range, hang warning signs, appease the emotions of relevant personnel, discourage irrelevant personnel from watching and persuade irrelevant personnel to stay away from the scene of the accident. Without the approval of the on-site emergency rescue headquarters, it is strictly forbidden for any organization or individual to blindly enter the scene of the accident to rescue people in distress, prevent secondary disasters or expand the scope of the accident, and effectively protect the lives and property of emergency rescue and other related personnel.

4 emergency response

4.1 accident classification

According to the Regulations on Reporting, Investigation and Handling of Production Safety Accidents, production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines are divided into four levels.

(1) Particularly serious accident: refers to an accident that causes more than 30 deaths, or more than 100 serious injuries (including acute industrial poisoning, the same below), or direct economic losses of more than 100 million yuan.

(2) Major accident: refers to an accident that causes more than 10 deaths and less than 30 deaths, or more than 50 serious injuries and less than 100 serious injuries, or direct economic losses ranging from 50 million yuan to 100 million yuan.

(3) Major accident: refers to an accident that causes more than 3 people and less than 10 people to die, or more than 10 people and less than 50 people to be seriously injured, or more than 10 million yuan and less than 50 million yuan to cause direct economic losses;

(4) General accident: refers to an accident that causes less than 3 deaths, or less than 10 serious injuries, or direct economic losses of less than 10 million yuan.

4.2 Response classification

According to the accident level, the accident emergency response is divided into four levels:

(1) Level 1 (Level 1) response: refers to the emergency response in case of particularly serious production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines, and the emergency management department is responsible for starting the emergency response and organizing and directing the emergency rescue work. In the initial stage of the first-level response, under the unified leadership of the Party committee and government of the autonomous region, the emergency management department of the autonomous region is specifically responsible for directing, coordinating and organizing the implementation of emergency rescue work. At the same time of initial emergency response, the emergency management department of the autonomous region should immediately report to the emergency management department.

(2) Level 2 (Level 2) response: refers to the emergency response to major metal and nonmetal mine production safety accidents. Under the unified leadership of the Party committee and government of the autonomous region, the emergency management department of the autonomous region is specifically responsible for the organization, command and coordination of emergency response actions. At the same time of emergency response, the emergency management department of the autonomous region should immediately report to the emergency management department. When the on-site emergency rescue force is insufficient to meet the needs of the on-site emergency rescue work, the emergency management department should be immediately requested to give reinforcements.

(3) Three-level (III-level) response: refers to the emergency response to a major production safety accident in metal and nonmetal mines, and the people’s government at the municipal level of the League will start the corresponding level of emergency response according to the severity of the accident and organize emergency rescue work. The emergency management department of the autonomous region sent a working group to guide the on-site emergency rescue work, assist the on-site emergency rescue headquarters to coordinate and mobilize the emergency rescue forces in the region to participate in the emergency rescue work.

(4) Four-level (IV-level) response: refers to the emergency response to the production safety accidents in general metal and nonmetal mines, and the people’s governments at the banner and county levels start the corresponding emergency response according to the severity of the accidents and organize emergency rescue work. The Union City Emergency Management Bureau sent a working group to guide the on-site emergency rescue work, assist the on-site emergency rescue headquarters to coordinate and mobilize the emergency rescue forces of the Union City to participate in the emergency rescue work.

4.3 Response procedure

4.3.1 Level 4 (IV) Response

In the event of a general production safety accident, under the unified leadership of the local people’s governments of counties and counties, the emergency management departments of counties and counties immediately start the four-level (IV) response and enter the four-level (IV) response procedure. In accordance with the response procedures and division of responsibilities, immediately organize the implementation of emergency rescue work, and actively coordinate relevant departments to do a good job in traffic safety, communication, medical rescue, news release, logistics support and after-care treatment, and timely report the progress of accidents and emergency rescue work to the people’s government at the same level and the emergency management department at a higher level.

4.3.2 Three-level (Ⅲ) response

In the event of a major production safety accident, under the unified leadership of the local Union Municipal People’s Government, the Union Municipal Emergency Management Department immediately launched a three-level (III-level) response and entered a three-level (III-level) response procedure. In accordance with the response procedures and division of responsibilities, immediately organize the implementation of emergency rescue work, and actively coordinate relevant departments to do a good job in traffic safety, communication, medical rescue, news release, logistics support and after-care treatment, and timely report the progress of accidents and emergency rescue work to the people’s government at the same level and the emergency management department at a higher level. After receiving the accident report, the emergency management department of the autonomous region shall report to the people’s government of the autonomous region and the emergency management department in accordance with the regulations, and immediately send a working group to the scene of the accident to guide the relevant work of accident rescue.

After the accident, the enterprise where the accident occurred and the local people’s government immediately launched an emergency response and reported it in time according to the accident level.

4.3.3 Secondary (Ⅱ) Response

In case of major and above production safety accidents, after receiving the accident report, the emergency management department of the autonomous region immediately starts the second-level (II-level) response and enters the second-level (II-level) response procedure. Specific response procedures are as follows:

(1) After receiving the report of major and above production safety accidents, the emergency command and dispatch center of the office shall immediately report to the main leaders and leaders in charge of the office, and notify the main persons in charge of the emergency command and dispatch center of the office and relevant business offices. The main leaders of the department immediately directed the start of the second-level (II-level) response to production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines, and quickly entered the second-level (II-level) emergency response state. At the same time, the accident information will be reported to the party Committee, government and emergency management department of the autonomous region.

(2) Under the unified leadership of the Party committee and government of the autonomous region, the emergency management department of the autonomous region immediately launched an emergency response mechanism and set up a leading group for emergency rescue command of production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines to organize, command and coordinate the emergency rescue work of production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines in a unified way.

(3) A working group led by the main leaders or leaders in charge of the office, the main heads of relevant business offices and professional and technical personnel rushed to the scene of the accident to investigate and verify the relevant situation at the scene of the accident, guide and assist the on-site emergency rescue headquarters to study and formulate emergency rescue work plans and carry out accident rescue work.

(4) According to the responsibilities stipulated in the Overall Emergency Plan for Emergencies in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, timely notify the relevant departments of the autonomous region to assist the local authorities to do a good job in traffic, transportation, communication, meteorology, materials, medical care, environmental protection, public security, personnel evacuation and resettlement, emergency equipment and emergency forces at the scene of the accident.

(5) The members of the emergency rescue command leading group of the Office (related business offices of the Office) shall organize a special meeting for analysis, judgment and consultation according to the progress of emergency rescue work at the scene of the accident, emergency rescue teams, equipment and materials, and the difficulties and problems existing in the rescue work, and provide the emergency rescue site with relevant information such as work plans, experts, teams, equipment and materials.

(6) According to the demand information of rescue teams, machinery, equipment, materials and other emergency resources at the scene of the accident, coordinate, organize and mobilize national and autonomous regional professional emergency rescue teams and social rescue forces, machinery and equipment, materials and other emergency rescue resources, and vigorously support the emergency rescue work at the scene of the accident. According to the needs of on-site rescue, the on-site working group composed of relevant professional and technical personnel and experts in related fields will be sent again to the scene of the accident to guide the rescue.

(7) The news propaganda department of the office shall timely inform the media about the progress of the accident and emergency rescue work, grasp the trend of public opinion, pay close attention to public opinion and actively respond to social concerns.

(8) According to the progress of accident rescue work, timely report the accident emergency rescue work to the Party committee, government and emergency management department of the autonomous region. Carry out accident investigation in a timely manner or assist in accident investigation.

4.4 Command and coordination

After the autonomous region started the second-level (II-level) emergency response, the emergency rescue command leading group of the office assisted the on-site emergency rescue headquarters in organizing, directing and coordinating the emergency rescue work at the accident site.

(1) According to the needs of on-site emergency rescue work and the layout of emergency rescue forces for production safety, coordinate and mobilize relevant emergency rescue teams, machinery, equipment and materials to fully guarantee the needs of accident rescue work.

(2) Organize relevant experts to guide on-site emergency rescue work, participate in formulating on-site emergency rescue work plan, formulate and implement safety technical measures, closely guard against secondary, derivative and coupling accidents (incidents), and decisively control or cut off the accident chain.

(3) in view of the secondary and derivative accidents or disasters caused or possibly caused by the accident, timely notify the relevant departments of the autonomous region to start the corresponding emergency plan.

(4) Coordinate the emergency management departments of neighboring provinces and cities where the accident occurred to cooperate and support the emergency rescue work.

(5) When the accident involves Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan or foreign personnel, it shall be reported to the People’s Government of the autonomous region to coordinate with the Foreign Affairs Office for support and cooperation.

(6) When necessary, report to the people’s government of the autonomous region to coordinate the participation of the People’s Liberation Army and the Armed Police Force in accident emergency rescue.

4.5 On-site emergency treatment

(1) After the accident, the accident enterprise should immediately start the accident emergency response, set up an emergency rescue organization with the main person in charge as the team leader, formulate the emergency rescue work plan, implement safety precautions, deploy emergency rescue equipment, equipment and materials, organize the emergency rescue personnel of the enterprise to carry out emergency rescue quickly, get through the rescue channel on the premise of ensuring the safety of rescue personnel, rescue people in distress, strictly put an end to blind rescue and adventure rescue, and prevent the accident from expanding. Call 120 in time to provide medical assistance to the rescued people in distress.

(2) After receiving the accident report, the people’s governments of the Union City and counties where the accident occurred and the relevant departments, the relevant responsible comrades should immediately rush to the scene of the accident, start the corresponding emergency response in time, set up the emergency rescue headquarters at the scene of the accident, strictly perform the duties of the local people’s government in emergency rescue, and organize the emergency rescue work.

(3) After receiving the emergency rescue instructions from the local people’s government and relevant departments or the request of the accident-related enterprises, the relevant units, various professional emergency rescue teams and relevant medical institutions in the accident place shall participate in the accident rescue work in time.

(4) Under the unified organization and command of the on-site emergency rescue headquarters, evacuate people who may be affected by the accident in time, evacuate and transfer people who are affected or threatened, implement protective measures to protect the safety of people around the incident, determine emergency shelters, provide necessary daily necessities, implement medical treatment and disease prevention, and do a good job in public security management.

(5) Organize and command all kinds of emergency rescue teams and social rescue forces to participate in emergency rescue work, strengthen the personal safety protection of emergency rescue personnel, strictly control the number of people entering the accident area, formulate strict and reliable safety protection measures, equip emergency rescue equipment and equipment, effectively protect the lives of rescue personnel, and strictly prevent and control the expansion of the situation. It is necessary to give priority to the use of large-scale mechanical equipment and advanced emergency rescue technology to carry out emergency rescue work for metallic and nonmetallic mine accidents, seize time, speed and efficiency, and race against time to carry out on-site emergency rescue work.

(6) Open a special emergency rescue channel to ensure that emergency rescue teams and materials arrive at the scene of the accident as soon as possible. When major accidents such as major mine flooding, large-scale goaf caving and major landslides occur, and the manpower and material resources for emergency rescue on site are insufficient, the local government will mobilize social forces and requisition relief materials according to law to ensure the needs of emergency rescue work.

4.6 information release

After the occurrence of major metal and nonmetal mine production safety accidents, the news and propaganda department of the Department shall assist the municipal people’s government of the League in unified and centralized management of external information release. According to the provisions of relevant national laws and regulations, following the principles of openness, transparency and timeliness, timely hold a press conference to inform the emergency rescue work of accidents, publicize the causes of production safety accidents, casualties, the proposed emergency rescue work plan, the progress of rescue work and the next emergency rescue measures, actively respond to the concerns of the public and the news media, and correctly guide the media and public opinion.

4.7 End of emergency

The scene of major production safety accidents has been effectively controlled, all the people in distress have been rescued, all the bodies of the victims have been found, and the ecological environment at the scene has met the relevant standards, resulting in the elimination of hidden dangers of secondary and derivative accidents. After being confirmed by the on-site emergency rescue headquarters and reported to the people’s government of the autonomous region for approval, the implementation of this plan will be terminated, and the emergency rescue team, machinery and equipment and related personnel will be evacuated from the scene, and the on-site emergency rescue work will be over.

After the on-site emergency rescue work, the on-site emergency rescue headquarters shall organize to write a summary of the on-site emergency rescue work and submit it to the people’s government of the autonomous region and the emergency management department of the autonomous region. The main contents of the written summary include: the accident and rescue process, the main causes of the accident, casualties and economic losses, the main measures and lessons learned in the emergency rescue process, the implementation effect and evaluation of the emergency rescue plan, the lessons to be learned from production safety accidents and the safety precautions to be taken.

5 post-disposal

5.1 aftermath disposal

Supervise and guide the Municipal People’s Government of the League to be responsible for organizing and handling the aftermath of accidents, including giving pensions to those who are sick, disabled or killed due to participating in emergency rescue work in accordance with relevant state regulations, compensating for requisitioned materials and compensation for damage to requisitioned materials, coordinating insurance companies to make claims in a timely manner, and promptly starting post-disaster reconstruction and pollutant collection, cleaning and treatment. Eliminate the consequences and effects of the accident as soon as possible, properly resettle, compensate and sympathize with the victims and affected personnel, ensure social stability and restore normal order as soon as possible.

5.2 Investigation and summary evaluation

According to the casualties of production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines, and in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Regulations on Reporting, Investigation and Handling of Production Safety Accidents, the local people’s government will form an accident investigation team to organize the investigation and handling of accidents, and the emergency management department of the people’s government at a higher level will supervise the investigation and handling of accidents. After the accident investigation and handling is completed, the accident investigation report will be submitted to the people’s government in charge of the accident investigation for approval and closing, and the accident investigation will be over.

Emergency management departments at all levels are responsible for collecting and sorting out records, plans, documents and other materials formed in the process of emergency rescue, organizing relevant experts to evaluate the whole process of the start, implementation, command and logistics support of emergency rescue plans, analyzing and summarizing the experience and lessons of emergency rescue work, supplementing and perfecting the relevant contents of emergency rescue plans, putting forward opinions and suggestions on improving and strengthening emergency management, and reporting the summary evaluation report to the people’s government at the same level and the emergency management department of the autonomous region within one month after the emergency response is completed.

6 safeguard measures

6.1 Communication and Information Guarantee

Emergency management departments at all levels command and dispatch center on duty telephone to ensure that 24 hours a day, the main person in charge of the relevant business offices and relevant professionals to ensure that they can get in touch at any time. Make full use of wired telephones, mobile phones, satellites, the Internet and other means to ensure smooth communication between all parties concerned.

Command and dispatch center of the Department shall establish communication links with emergency management departments of Union City, counties, relevant departments and units of mine production safety accident emergency rescue, professional emergency rescue teams and social emergency rescue forces, large-scale emergency rescue machinery and equipment suppliers and emergency rescue expert groups to ensure smooth communication.

The emergency management departments at Union City, Banner County and various professional emergency rescue teams are responsible for collecting, collating and updating information on relevant emergency rescue resources in their own departments and regions, establishing emergency rescue resource database, strengthening daily communication management and ensuring smooth communication.

6.2 Emergency Support and Guarantee

(1) Emergency rescue equipment support. Metal and nonmetallic mining enterprises are equipped with emergency rescue materials and equipment in accordance with relevant regulations. People’s governments at or above the banner level reserve a certain amount of emergency rescue equipment according to the needs and characteristics of production safety accident rescue in metallic and nonmetallic mines in the region, and sign a certain amount of reserve contracts with relevant manufacturers or suppliers based on existing production and operation resources to supplement and improve the specifications and types of emergency rescue equipment. When necessary, the people’s governments at or above the county level shall timely mobilize and requisition social materials in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Inter-provincial and inter-departmental material calls shall be coordinated by the emergency management department of the autonomous region.

(2) Emergency rescue team guarantee. Metal and nonmetallic mining enterprises must establish a mine emergency rescue team composed of full-time or part-time personnel, and sign an emergency rescue agreement with the nearby professional emergency rescue team. The people’s governments at or above the county level shall establish and improve the professional mine emergency rescue team and the national comprehensive fire rescue team to ensure the emergency rescue work of metal and nonmetal mines.

(3) Emergency rescue fund guarantee. Metal and nonmetallic mining enterprises should fully extract the safety production expenses, timely insure the safety production liability insurance, and reserve the corresponding emergency rescue funds. When a mine production safety accident occurs, the expenses related to emergency rescue shall be borne by the accident unit first. If the accident unit is temporarily unable to bear it, the local people’s government shall coordinate and solve it.

(4) Transportation guarantee. In the emergency response stage, the people’s government of the autonomous region is requested to coordinate with the departments of public security, transportation, railways and civil aviation to provide transportation support. Coordinate the relevant local people’s governments along the way to provide convenient transportation, and ensure that the mobilized emergency rescue team and relevant personnel, emergency rescue machinery, equipment and materials dispatched quickly reach the scene of the accident. Coordinate the people’s government of the Union City where the accident is located to mobilize a sufficient number of means of transportation to ensure the needs of on-site emergency rescue work. Coordinate the public security department at the accident site to conduct traffic control on the scene of the accident, and open emergency rescue channels to provide guarantee for emergency rescue work.

(5) medical and health care. The municipal health administrative department in the place where the accident occurred shall coordinate the medical and health protection work of the relevant medical and health institutions responsible for the emergency rescue work of the accident, guarantee special medicines and medical equipment, and organize medical and health personnel to carry out medical treatment. When necessary, coordinate the health administrative department of the autonomous region to organize support.

(6) On-site security. The municipal people’s government of the League where the accident occurred organized the public security department to carry out public security alert and public security management at the scene of the accident, strengthened the safety protection of key areas, key places, key people, important materials and important equipment, maintained the order of on-site rescue, evacuated the crowd in time, and organized and mobilized the masses to carry out group defense and joint defense.

(7) Ecological environment protection. The municipal people’s government of the Union where the accident occurred coordinated the ecological environment department to carry out the monitoring of the atmosphere, water and soil ecological environment, put forward emergency treatment suggestions, and do a good job in on-site ecological environment protection.

(8) Guarantee of meteorological conditions. The municipal people’s government of the League where the accident occurred coordinated the meteorological department to provide meteorological support for emergency rescue work and provide suggestions on meteorological emergency rescue work.

(9) Relief materials guarantee. First of all, mobilize the relevant emergency relief materials reserved by metal and nonmetal mining enterprises, and at the same time allocate the emergency relief materials reserved by the material reserve units of the local people’s governments at or above the county level, and coordinate the people’s governments at or above the county level where the accident occurred to timely mobilize and requisition social materials according to relevant laws and regulations.

6.3 Emergency technical support

The emergency management department of the autonomous region shall establish a professional expert database of metal and nonmetal mines, establish an expert management and contact system, ensure that an emergency rescue expert group can be quickly formed when emergency needs arise, and provide corresponding technical support for accident emergency rescue.

6.4 Publicity, training and drills

(1) publicity. People’s governments at or above the county level, metal and nonmetal mining enterprises should use the relevant media and the Internet to widely publicize the laws and regulations related to emergency rescue and the common sense of accident prevention, hedging, disaster avoidance, self-help and mutual rescue to the masses and employees.

(2) training. Metal and nonmetallic mining enterprises should train their employees in the overall emergency rescue plan and special emergency rescue plan, strengthen the on-site emergency response plan training, and improve their self-help and mutual rescue ability. Emergency management departments at all levels are responsible for providing professional training for emergency management personnel and emergency rescue personnel, so as to improve the command and combat capability of emergency rescue.

(3) drill. Metal and nonmetallic mining enterprises shall formulate their own emergency plan drills, organize at least one comprehensive emergency plan drill or special emergency plan drill every year according to the accident risk characteristics of their own units, and organize at least one on-site disposal plan drill every six months. Emergency management departments at all levels shall regularly organize emergency rescue drills for production safety accidents in metallic and nonmetallic mines according to the actual work.

6.5 supervision and inspection

The emergency management department of the autonomous region shall supervise and inspect the implementation of the emergency rescue plan for production safety accidents in metal and nonmetal mines.

7 supplementary provisions

7.1 Plan Management and Update

With the formulation, revision and improvement of emergency rescue related laws and regulations, changes in departmental responsibilities or emergency resources, and problems or new situations found in the implementation process, timely organize the revision of the plan. Organize regular review of this plan, and organize timely revision according to the review conclusion.

7.2 Plan formulation and interpretation

This plan is formulated and interpreted by the emergency management department of the autonomous region.

7.3 implementation time of the plan

This plan shall come into force as of the date of issuance.

For a car, you can’t talk about heroes purely by the quality of dynamic performance, just like other aspects of performance are also worth talking about. Let’s take you to appreciate its style.

Let’s look at the appearance of the Pentium pony first. The front face of the Pentium pony presents an exquisite design style and looks very sporty. Headlights are very in line with consumers’ aesthetics and can win the love of young people. The car is equipped with etc. Come to the car side, the car body size is 3000MM*1510MM*1630MM, the car uses dynamic lines, the car body feels very simple, with large-size thick-walled tires, eye-catching shape. Looking back, the overall shape of the Pentium pony tail echoes the front face, the taillight style is more dignified, and the overall layout is impressive.

When I came into the car, the interior style was very round and the visual effect was very good. The steering wheel of this car is well designed, made of plastic material, and feels good. From the central control point of view, the design of the center console is reasonable, which makes the interior design quite layered and meets the aesthetic standards of most consumers. The dashboard and seats give people a good feeling. Let’s take a look. The dashboard of this car presents a delicate design style, and the sports atmosphere is relatively in place. The car uses a fabric seat, which is wide and thick and very comfortable to ride.

The Pentium pony is 30KW, the total torque is 90N.m, and the maximum speed is 100km/h..

The car is equipped with Bluetooth /WIFI connection, sun visor mirror, USB interface, uphill assist, rear reversing radar and other configurations, which is rich in functions and greatly improves its convenience.

The car introduced today is not only eye-catching in space, but also has reached the mainstream level in various configurations, and there is nothing to be picky about driving experience and space experience. If you are planning to buy a car, then the car above is worth considering.

There are obvious differences between Pentium pony and MINI in basic information, interior, market performance, space and power. The following is a detailed comparison:

Basic information:

* brand: Pentium pony belongs to the main brand of Pentium, while MINI belongs to the MINI brand.

* Type: Pentium Pony is a MINI car, while Mini is a compact car.

* Guide price: the price range of Pentium pony is 249-39900, while the price range of MINI is 1998-320600.

Interior:

* Seat material: Pentium Pony uses fabric seat, while MINI uses leather/fabric mixed seat material.

* Skylight type: MINI is equipped with segmented electric skylight, but the skylight type of Pentium pony has not been announced yet.

Market performance:

* Sales volume: Pentium Pony sold 12,633 vehicles nationwide in October, while MINI has no sales data yet. However, from the point of view of daily average attention, the two are close, Pentium pony is 16109, MINI is 15593.

Space:

* Body size: Pentium Pony has a body size of 3000*1510*1630, a wheelbase of 1953mm and four seats; The MINI has a body size of 4035*1744*1467, a wheelbase of 2567mm and five seats.

Power:

* gearbox: the Pentium pony uses a fixed gear ratio gearbox, while the MINI uses a wet dual clutch (DCT) gearbox.

* Maximum speed: The maximum speed of MINI is 213km/h, which is higher than the maximum speed of Pentium pony (only 100km/h).

* Engine: MINI is equipped with a 1.5T 156 HP L3 engine, but the engine type of Pentium Pony has not been announced yet.

Summary:

There are obvious differences between Pentium pony and MINI in brand, type, price, seat material, skylight type, sales volume, body size, gearbox, maximum speed and engine. Although both of them are concerned by the market, they have different positioning and meet the needs of different consumers. Among them, Pentium pony is more suitable for consumers with lower budget and pursuing economic benefits; MINI is more suitable for consumers who pursue individuality, brand and performance.

originate

Not long ago, the National Health and Wellness Commission and other six departments jointly formulated the "Second Batch of Rare Diseases Catalogue", which newly included 86 rare diseases. Together with the first batch of 121 rare diseases included in 2018, at present, there are 207 rare diseases included in the catalogue in China.

In recent years, the word "rare disease" has appeared more and more frequently in everyone’s field of vision. For example, in the news, the father developed "self-made medicine" for his son’s complex disease, and then in the past two years, the price negotiation of medical insurance was hot, and most of them were related to rare disease drugs.

The "drug god father", who was known on the Internet in 2021, took his son to be injected with gene therapy drugs in June 2022, and was also the first patient with Menkes disease who underwent gene therapy in China | See the watermark for the source.

In the past two years, the medical insurance price negotiations have always been hot headlines, and drugs related to rare diseases are included in the national medical insurance drug list every year | Source: CCTV News

Therefore, many people have the impression that the concept of rare diseases is both familiar and unfamiliar: rare diseases don’t seem so "rare", it seems difficult to treat them, and there don’t seem to be so many experts studying rare diseases …

But these superficial impressions are not enough to describe the whole picture of rare diseases.

What is a rare disease? Really "rare"?

In fact, different countries have different definitions of rare diseases. For example, the United States generally defines it as a disease with fewer than 200,000 people in China (that is, about 1 in 1,500), while the prevalence rate in Europe is less than 1 in 2,000.

According to China’s "Research Report on the Definition of Rare Diseases in China 2021", the definition of rare diseases in China is: "Diseases with neonatal morbidity less than 1/ 10,000, morbidity less than 1/ 10,000, and patients less than 140,000 are classified as rare diseases". The main reason is that China has a large population base. If the definition is too loose, the pressure on drug research and development and medical insurance will be too great.

Taking Europe as an example, different countries have different definitions of rare diseases, which often need to be considered according to factors such as population, drug research and development (the unit is every 100,000 people) | Source: Chung C C Y, et al. 2022.

You may be curious: since the prevalence rate is one thousandth or one thousandth, why do you say that it may be too loose to put pressure on the medical system? That’s because the concept of rare diseases is actually a collection of thousands of diseases, or collectively.

According to incomplete statistics, the number of known rare diseases is about 6000-8000. Although the prevalence rate is not all 1/2000, this figure is still very scary-according to the statistical estimation of the incidence rate of 3585 rare diseases, there are about 263-446 million people suffering from various rare diseases all over the world.

This is why, although it is called a rare disease, this group is not "rare" at all.

What does it mean to have a rare disease?

What does it mean to get this rare disease with a probability of one thousandth? Will it become a rare object that is taken care of by everyone like the stars holding the moon?

At least at present, most patients with rare diseases are not so lucky.

First of all, you have to diagnose what disease you are.

But in fact, the diagnosis of rare diseases is very difficult because of limited medical resources and imperfect medical knowledge. About half of the patients with rare diseases in the world still don’t know what disease they have, and the remaining half still face problems such as delayed diagnosis, wrong diagnosis, no treatment plan and unattended care.

What does this mean? If there is a rare patient in Europe, Xiao A, who suddenly has an attack, there is a 25% possibility that Xiao A will not know what disease he has until five years later. In 40% cases, different doctors will give Xiao A different diagnosis and different treatment schemes, and most of these treatment schemes are not helpful to Xiao A because of misdiagnosis.

However, under this wave of operation, Xiao A may have spent a lot of money to cure the disease.

"Layer-by-layer Screening" of Rare Diseases in Europe from Diagnosis to Treatment

In China, however, the shortage of medical resources will only make these ratios higher.

Suppose Xiao A was lucky enough to get an accurate diagnosis in just one year. At this time, the doctor turned over a long list of rare diseases and told Xiao A with regret that there was no medicine for your disease. Because now more than 90% of rare diseases have no good treatment.

This is also the reason why it was mentioned at the beginning that two years ago, the father could only develop drugs to treat his son himself.

As a result, Xiao A will fall into long-term hospitalization or drug treatment, not only can barely maintain his life, but also bear the sky-high medical expenses for life-for example, patients with cystic fibrosis need about 280-1.9 million euros in medical expenses for a lifetime.

Let’s assume that Xiao A is super lucky. Not only is he diagnosed quickly, but he also finds that this rare disease has a very effective orphan drug (rare disease is also called "orphan disease" because the patient is rare, just like "orphan"). As a result, ta may be shocked when he looks at the drug price: it is reported that the average price of rare disease drugs used by each patient is 4.8 times that of other diseases.

You can do a "simple math problem": in 2014, the development of a new drug in China will cost about $1.2 billion, and to maintain the research and development of the whole pharmaceutical industry, it is required that the sales volume should be at least $15 billion. According to the maximum subsidy of 300,000 RMB (about 50,000 US dollars) provided by medical insurance, at least 300,000 patients are needed-and a rare disease is defined as a disease with less than 140,000 patients. Then it requires higher pricing, so that drug researchers and the whole industry can "return to the original".

In other words, patients with rare diseases have to pay more for treatment than other patients.

What does it mean to study rare diseases?

But why are drugs for rare diseases so expensive? Are biomedical companies all black-hearted enterprises? In fact, it is not only patients, but also researchers of rare diseases.

However, the research on rare diseases in China is on the rise, even catching up with common diseases. The above figure shows the number of published research articles, and the following figure shows the number of clinical trials | Source: Yang L, et al.2015.

Suppose researcher Xiao B wants to study a rare disease. The first question Xiao B faces is: Where is my research object?

Although the definition of rare diseases is less than 140,000 people, it sounds like a large number, but in fact only a small number of patients will go to the hospital, and they are scattered in hospitals all over the country.

Not to mention finding a needle in a haystack, it should be as difficult as finding a needle in a swimming pool.

Let’s continue to assume that Xiao B is lucky enough to collect information about dozens of patients with rare diseases in several hospitals and prepare for research. At this time, the question comes again-where does the research funding come from? Rare diseases are mostly genetic diseases, and the study of rare diseases requires gene sequencing, data analysis, animal experiments and so on, which require no less funds than ordinary diseases.

However, from the simple relationship between supply and demand, patients with more common diseases often get more financial support; However, there are more than 5,000 rare diseases with different pathogenesis, so much research funds are available, and what researchers can get is often a drop in the bucket.

From diagnosis to research and development of rare diseases, every step is money, especially when ordinary sequencing (exon sequencing, ES) is ineffective, it is more complicated for researchers to judge the difficulty and exploration direction of rare diseases | Source: Marwaha S, et al. 2022.

However, assuming that Xiao B is lucky, he just applied to the National Natural Science Foundation of China, which has started to increase funding for research on rare diseases in recent years, and got a lot of research funds. Xiao B intends to do a big job to develop an effective drug for this rare disease and solve this rare disease once and for all!

So Xiao B collected patient information, sequenced to find rare disease targets, and began to screen different drugs;

After discovering hundreds of drugs that may be useful, carry out cell experiments and animal experiments;

Finally, five drugs may be effective, so they went to clinical trials;

After the first phase, the second phase and the third phase of the clinic, I was particularly lucky that a drug was proved to be effective;

Start the long drug approval and enter the fourth phase of clinical practice;

Finally, the drug was put into use.

So more than ten years have passed.

Process of new drug research and development | Source: Shanghai Institute of Pharmacology, China Academy of Sciences

In addition, the results brought by the small sample size of patients are unreliable, the experimental design is difficult, and the treatment is not necessarily extensive and effective, which are puzzling the researchers of rare diseases.

It can be seen that it is a thankless thing for researchers to study rare diseases and develop related new drugs.

We can’t ignore it just because it’s "rare"

However, we can’t ignore hundreds of millions of patients with rare diseases because rare diseases are rare, or because research is "thankless".

For patients, governments all over the world have gradually realized the importance of rare diseases, and have increased investment in relevant medical insurance policies, so that more and more patients can get the best treatment at acceptable prices. There was also a hot search for high-priced drug negotiations in the previous two years.

By the end of this year, more than 50 kinds of 75 kinds of drugs for rare diseases that have been approved for listing in China have been included in the medical insurance drug list.

The status quo of rare disease drugs included in medical insurance | Source: Comprehensive report on rare diseases

For the drug research of rare diseases, different countries often support the development of rare diseases drugs from the aspects of research and development funds, drug approval cycle, drug tax relief and so on. In recent years, China has also improved the laws and regulations in this area to better support the research of rare diseases in China.

From the end of last century, governments and research institutions in various countries gradually realized that rare diseases are not rare, and they also deserve public attention. From diagnosis to treatment, from research to drugs, there are more and more different supports, but in the face of 300 million patients and thousands of diseases, the progress now is far from enough.

As a trivial biological science popularization person, we also hope to make a contribution in this respect. Now that China has listed 207 rare diseases, we will try to introduce these "orphan diseases" in simple and easy-to-understand language, which you may have never heard of.

I believe that as long as everyone knows something, orphan disease will no longer be lonely.

References:

? Chung C C Y, Hong Kong Genome Project, Chu A T W, et al. Rare disease emerging as a global public health priority[J]. Frontiers in public health, 2022, 10: 1028545.

The Third Multidisciplinary Expert Seminar on the Definition of Rare Diseases/Orphans in China, Research Report on the Definition of Rare Diseases in China 2021.

Comprehensive report on lilac orchard and rare diseases

? Ferreira C R. The burden of rare diseases[J]. American journal of medical genetics Part A, 2019, 179(6): 885-892.

? Yang L, Su C, Lee A M, et al. Focusing on rare diseases in China: are we there yet? [J]. Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2015, 10(1): 1-2.

? Griggs R C, Batshaw M, Dunkle M, et al. Clinical research for rare disease: opportunities, challenges, and solutions[J]. Molecular genetics and metabolism, 2009, 96(1): 20-26.

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