The original team invited the author Chao Wenshe.

Author | Our Special Invited Author Jiuyu Pavilion

"Chao Wen She" (formerly "We Love History") is the headline signing group media.

Words: 2218, reading time: 6 minutes.

In today’s Internet enterprises, "996" seems to have become a normal state, with employees of both large factories and small enterprises deeply disgusted with it, who go to work at 9: 00 a.m. and get off work at 9: 00 p.m. and work six days a week.

Then, in ancient times, was there such an overtime culture?

First of all, the concept of going to work in ancient times is not necessary in modern times. In ancient times, it was an agricultural society. Generally speaking, only officials, officials, servants and craftsmen working in the government had classes. In other words, if you are an ordinary citizen, you don’t have to consider going to work at all.

business hours

In the Zhou dynasty, officials needed to go to work according to the time when the rooster crowed. Once they heard the rooster crowed, they would arrive at the court.

According to historical records, "the cock crows, and the court is full."

In the pre-Qin period, the crow was the alarm clock of officials, but this time was not very fixed. Therefore, after that, the working time was generally set as Maoshi, that is, from 5 am to 7 am.

According to the Ming Dynasty, you should sign in at Mao’s time and sign out at You’s time, in other words, you should sign in between 5-7 in the morning and sign out between 5-7 in the evening. If you go to work at 5 o’clock and get off work at 5 o’clock, the working time in a day is 12 hours.

During the Hongwu period, Zhu Yuanzhang once stipulated that officials had only one day off every month, which was the fifth day of each month. It is true that the 996 "Fu Bao" is more humane than the working system during the Hongwu period.

Generally speaking, the treatment of ancient scholars and officials was quite good. As the saying goes, learning to be excellent is an official. Although the 12-hour working system is a bit harsh, it is still much better than those servants.

In the feudal autocratic dynasty, servants’ status was very low. They not only needed to go to work on time, but also had long working hours. Fang Bao, a writer in Qing Dynasty, once recalled one of his handmaids, and said, "It’s normal for chickens to crow at night."

The time of the four drums is about 2 am, which means that the maid goes to bed at 2 am and gets up at 6 am, and only rests for 4 hours a day. In addition, this handmaid has no rest day, and this work system can even be understood as "247". The handmaid died at the age of 17 because she worked too long and didn’t have enough rest.

Although the modern 996 working system is somewhat inappropriate, it is still humanized compared with the servants of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, friends who want to cross must understand the working hours of that era, otherwise, they may suffer a big loss.

On the way to work

In modern society, although going to work is a very unpleasant thing, commuting is not very complicated. We have subways, buses, cars and electric cars, which are far away. We can choose public transportation, which is closer, and we can choose to travel by bike.

For ancient officials, on the way to work, it is easy to have accidents. For high-ranking officials in the imperial court, there are usually carriages or guards when the court is in court, and the safety can still be guaranteed, but those ordinary officials can only walk.

Why is walking prone to accidents? The main reason is that when the court was in power, it was still dark. Those high-ranking officials in the imperial court had the privilege to light lamps, but ordinary officials did not have this right.

Before the apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty, there were street lamps in the Forbidden City, and court officials could use the light of the street lamps when they went to court. But when Wei Zhongxian was in power, the street lamps were cancelled. Not only were there no street lamps, but fireworks were also prohibited.

According to historical records, "On the evening of May, everyone goes in secretly, and when they meet, they can’t distinguish it without looking at it."

As a result, there is such a scene. In the early hours of the morning, officials are on the road in a daze. On the road, even if they meet their colleagues, they can’t see them. Sometimes, they will bump into a black eye.

During Wei Zhongxian’s reign, there was an official whose home was far away. One day, when he got up late, he hurried to the hall in a hurry. Unfortunately, because there was no street lamp and the road was slippery, one of them accidentally fell into the river and died!

In the Qing dynasty, there were also laws prohibiting lights, so how should officials go to work? It is true that it is too dangerous to go to work in the dark, so officials have an idea, and that is to borrow the light.

The princes, military ministers and other high-ranking officials in the Qing Dynasty had the privilege of lighting lamps. Therefore, ordinary officials would wait for the procession of these high-ranking officials along the road. When the procession arrived, just like the bus in Yanjiao, Beijing in modern times, everyone flocked to keep up with the procession and then went to court smoothly. In order to prevent falling into ditches and rivers, it is the best way to travel by light.

Late punishment

In modern society, being late is the boss’s worst aversion. If he is much late, he may even be fined. In the ranks of ancient officials, being late is not a trivial matter. Not only will you be fined, but you may also get a board.

In "A Brief Discussion on the Law of the Tang Dynasty", there is a rule that "officials don’t attend without reason", the content of which is how to punish those officials who are late. For example, if an official fails to come for one day, his punishment will be 20 small boards. If he is absent for three days, the crime will be aggravated. If he is absent for 25 days, he will be hit with 100 big boards. If he is absent for 35 days, he will be sentenced to one year in prison. If you work in a border town, you will often be late, and the punishment will be heavier.

Zhao Mengfu, a great painter in the Yuan Dynasty, used to be a doctor of the Ministry of War. At that time, the prime minister was disgusted with the lateness of officials, so he was very strict about attendance. Once, when Zhao Mengfu was late, he was caught by the judge at that time. The judge was already disdainful of the Han people. When he saw Zhao Mengfu late, he pulled him down and beat the board.

Spanking and imprisonment are the penalties for being late. In fact, although the punishment is a bit heavy, it is not too much. After all, as a national public official, he has a great responsibility, and being late is certainly not appropriate.

In addition to spanking and imprisonment, fines are also important. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, officials who were late for no reason would be fined a quarter’s salary, in other words, three months’ salary would be lost if they were late once. In Tang Suzong, officials who were late would be fined one month’s salary.

Officials in the Song Dynasty were generally the best in all dynasties, and the government’s management of officials was relatively loose, but there were also related penalties for being late.

During Song Renzong’s reign, Zhang Yi, the right-hand patrol envoy, reported many officials’ being late for work, leaving early and being absent for no reason. Although Song Renzong had a good temper, he was furious when he heard this. Song Renzong immediately ordered that the officials who were absent without reason should be examined, and those who were found to be true should be dismissed. In other words, even in the relaxed Northern Song Dynasty, being late is not a joke.

To sum up, in ancient times, the requirements for going to work were quite harsh. Officials not only got up earlier than chickens, but also had to take risks to go to work in the dark. If they were late, they would beat the board, or even lose their posts and even go to jail. It can be seen that working in ancient times, especially for ordinary officials, was by no means a pleasant thing. Compared with the ancients, 996 may really be a "blessing"!

References: On the Laws of the Tang Dynasty, The Book of Songs and Tang Huiyao.

Original title: "Did the ancients also have" 996 "? "247" is the norm, and you will get a board when you are late.

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　　CCTV News:The State Council Press Office held a press conference on the development of industry and informatization in the third quarter of 2023 on October 20th. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said that since 2023, the development of China’s electronic information manufacturing industry has maintained a certain degree of resilience, and industrial operation has stabilized and rebounded.

　　The data shows that in 2023, 1-mdash; In September, the added value of China’s computer, communications and other electronic equipment manufacturing industries above designated size increased by 1.4% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.4 percentage points higher than that in the first half of the year.

　　In terms of product output, 1-mdash; In September, China’s mobile phone output was 1.09 billion units, up 0.8% year-on-year. The output of solar cells was 384 GW, a year-on-year increase of 63.2%. In addition, the export of some electronic information manufacturing products has increased against the trend. Since 2023, the export of TV sets has improved, 1-mdash; In September, the export value increased by 15.1% year-on-year. Lithium-ion batteries and solar cells are still growing, 1-mdash; In September, the export value increased by 48% and 5.1% respectively.

　　According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China will accelerate the cultivation of new kinetic energy and accelerate the recovery of the consumer market in the electronic information manufacturing industry.

　　In the next step, China will further play the role of investment, focusing on key projects such as integrated circuits, new displays, communication equipment, intelligent hardware and lithium-ion batteries.

Special feature of 1905 film network After the strongest summer file in the history of 2023, it ushered in the lowest-key National Day file in history. The five main films were booked early, but they promoted the premiere ceremony and roadshow with a "low-key posture" during the golden announcement period. It should have been a colorful announcement war but collectively started "subtraction". Now the National Day file has closed. Whether the films are really healthy or hidden, let’s reveal it in depth!

Characteristic announcement and active roadshow

In 2023, the National Day file was a low-key marketing battle, and major films got together to open a road show and extreme screening. In the announcement, they found their own characteristics more.

For example, this film has some blank spots in the feature film due to deletion and other reasons. Watching a movie is like a fill-in-the-blank problem. There is a movie where the audience fills in the blanks after watching the movie, and then they have to find the answer to this question. Then there are some viewers who may have seen the answer before watching the movie and want to find the text of the movie. "Rock-solid" buried some suspense in the film, and then in the road show, to uncover this suspense, there will be a complementarity between the film and the announcement.

Like "Ex 4", in addition to the normal emotional marketing and punchline marketing, there is another feature, that is, it is more social topical and pays attention to a marriage and love problem in contemporary society. It has been ten years since the first film "The Former" was released. In fact, during this decade, China’s concept of marriage and love has changed greatly. Therefore, the arrival of the single society may be a social topic that Previous 4 pays more attention to. Unconsciously, it has formed a topical film, which allows parents to watch movies more, and may have more understanding of their children, including young people’s self-reconciliation when watching movies. This may be the effect of its social topicality.

In terms of roadshows, especially these five head films are also very positive. During the National Day file, the film’s main creators are still running roadshows hard, and they have to run a city almost every day. In addition, these films of the National Day archives, which were integrated into the media by the movie channel, were also broadcast live by the whole media, such as the 11-hour premiere live broadcast of "Former 4", which created 25 million+views on the whole network and brought 40+ hot topics.

The documentary live broadcast of the movie channel recorded that the film creators went to various cities to meet the audience. From day to night, they recorded the real state of the creators in a very vivid way, and at the same time, they brought out many hot topics and some new things that the actors were on the set at that time, so that the audience could learn more about the film.

Late Pre-sale and Silent Tik Tok

The overall publicity rhythm of this National Day file seems to be quite different from that of previous years. In the "golden paving period" recognized by marketing, almost most of the fixed-file films have more or less "lost their voices".

First, this year’s pre-sale and screening are much later than in previous years. The pre-sale opening time of the National Day file is 0: 00 on September 26th, and the pre-sale opening time of the National Day file from 2019 to 2022 is basically in mid-September. This year’s pre-sale rhythm is the latest in the past five years. The delay in the pre-sale time naturally affects the rhythm of the announcement of new films, and because of the short pre-sale time, the pre-sale box office is also difficult to be used as a promotional selling point.

In addition, there is basically no large-scale screening of the films scheduled for the National Day, which weakens the pre-publicity preheating effect of the films. Only "It seems that there is not so much blood boiling" started screening in early September, but it did not form an effective word-of-mouth fermentation, but consumed the audience’s enthusiasm for watching movies in advance. Delayed market feedback and lack of enthusiasm caused by delayed opening and pre-sale have brought some negative effects on the overall box office.

The second is the "dumb fire" promoted by Tik Tok. In recent years, the film marketing in Tik Tok has become a general trend, and Tik Tok has firmly become the first platform for film publicity. However, this National Day file does not seem to be able to undertake the general trend of the summer file. The performance of several head films is less than expected, and the number of fans on the platform does not exceed one million.

Previously, some short acting videos released in advance by some movies attracted the praise of many netizens and became the first wave of the film’s popularity. In the recent short video of "Rock-solid", there are also a lot of similar live footage videos about acting portrayal, but the comment area is mostly negative feedback.

In fact, similar problems didn’t appear until "Rock-solid", but the audience suffered from homogenization, performance and making a mountain out of a molehill in short video marketing for a long time. One or two times may impress the audience to buy tickets, but if every film is the same routine, it will naturally be aesthetically tired.

Film marketing is the icing on the cake of the film. Only by finding the high-quality content of the film or mobilizing the public’s desire to discuss can we really attract the audience to the cinema to watch the feature film. At present, the post-screening stage is still an indispensable part of film promotion, and fighting for the long tail after screening is also a difficult problem that filmmakers need to think about.

Facing the forefront of world science and technology

1. Research on high temperature superconductors.

Superconductivity was discovered by Dutch scientist H.Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. Refers to the phenomenon that some materials show zero resistance and complete diamagnetism below their critical temperature, and the corresponding materials are called superconductors. Superconductors whose critical temperature is higher than the "McMillan limit" (40K) considered by the traditional theory are called high-temperature superconductors. It is a long-term goal for scientists all over the world to explore and discover new high-temperature superconductors, especially those above the liquid nitrogen temperature range, and to study their physical mechanisms.

In 1987, the Institute of Physics made a great contribution to the study of copper oxide superconductors, independently discovered copper oxide superconductors in the liquid nitrogen temperature range, and announced its elemental composition as Ba-Y-Cu-O for the first time in the world. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1989.

In 2008, China University of Science and Technology and Institute of Physics broke the Macmillan limit temperature for the first time in the world, and discovered 43K SmFeAsO1-xFx superconductors, 41K CeFeAsO1-xFx superconductors and series of REFeAsO1-xFx and REFeAsO1-x(RE= rare earth elements) superconductors above 50K, respectively, and set a critical temperature record of 55K. Iron-based superconductors are identified as a new class of high-temperature superconductors, and important achievements have been made in the study of physical properties, which has potential application value. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2013.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences has made pioneering and pioneering contributions in the only two major breakthroughs in high-temperature superconducting research in the world, and has played a leading role in many aspects in this field, continuously promoting the development of international high-temperature superconducting research.

2. A series of studies on the field of topological states.

The Institute of Physics has made a series of international leading research achievements in the field of topological states. In 2009, three-dimensional topological insulators of Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3 and Sb2Te3 were discovered theoretically and verified by experiments, which became the most widely studied topological insulator material system.

In 2010, it was put forward that the topological insulator films such as Bi2Te3 doped with Cr or Fe magnetic ions were the best system to realize quantum anomalous Hall effect, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 2013, in cooperation with Tsinghua University, the "quantum anomalous Hall effect" was observed for the first time in the world, which verified the theoretical scheme.

In 2012-2014, two Dirac semimetals, Na3Bi and Cd3As2, were predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally, and the topological classification of electronic states in condensed state was extended from insulator to semimetal, and a new state of matter — — Topological semimetallic state.

In 2015, the theory predicted that the TaAs family material was Vail semi-metal, and the first experiment confirmed the chiral electronic state — — The existence of the Fermion was rated as "Top Ten Breakthroughs in 2015" by Physical World of British Physical Society and "Eight Highlights in 2015" by Physics of american physical society. In January, 2018, he was selected into the collection of essays commemorating the 125th anniversary of the birth of american physical society Physical Review, which was the only work from China among the 49 important scientific achievements. In 2017, the triple degenerate point semi-metallic WC family materials were predicted theoretically and discovered experimentally for the first time, and the triple degenerate fermion quasi-particle excitation was found, which provided a new idea and method for exploring the extraordinary cost of fermion excitation in condensed matter.

In 2018, topological superconducting surface states were first discovered in Fe-based superconductor Fe-Te-Se materials, and zero-energy majorana bound states were also discovered in this material, which is of great significance for the construction of stable, highly fault-tolerant and extensible future quantum computer applications.

3. Research on particle physics and nuclear physics

Relying on the major scientific and technological infrastructure of relevant countries and leading major international cooperation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has achieved a series of internationally influential scientific achievements in hadron physics, nuclear physics, neutrino physics and high-energy frontier.

Since 1990, the Institute of High Energy has accurately measured τ Lepton mass and R value, a new particle X(1835) was found. In 2013, the "four-quark substance" Zc(3900) was discovered in the experiment of Beijing Spectrometer III, which was a major breakthrough in the traditional quark model that the substance only contained two or three quarks, and ranked first among the 11 important achievements in the field of physics in american physical society.

In 1992, a new nuclide, Platinum -202, was obtained by Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research with Lanzhou Heavy Ion Research Facility, which was the first time that scientists in China synthesized it. Since the 1990s, the Institute of Modern Physics has synthesized 34 new nuclides, measured the mass of a number of short-lived nuclei with high accuracy for the first time, and established an international nuclear quality data evaluation center. The production of these new nuclides is an important achievement made by scientists in China in the synthesis and research of nuclei far from the stable line.

In 2011, Shanghai Yingwu Institute participated in the international cooperative research of RHIC-STAR nuclear physics and cooperated with American scientists to discover the heaviest antimatter particle — — Anti-helium nucleus has played a key role.

In 2012, an international cooperative research team led by High Energy Institute discovered a new mode of neutrino oscillation in Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment, and accurately measured the neutrino mixing angle θ The value of 13 indicates that China’s neutrino experimental research has entered the forefront of the world from scratch. This achievement was selected as one of the top ten scientific breakthroughs in Science in 2012, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013, the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2016, and the International Breakthrough Award in Basic Physics in 2016.

China’s research team, led by High Energy Institute, made a direct contribution to the discovery of Higgs particles and its properties in the international cooperation experiment of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in 2012.

4. Study on organic molecular clustering and free radical chemistry.

Physical organic chemistry is the theoretical basis of organic chemistry, which mainly involves the relationship between structure, medium, chemical characteristics and physical characteristics. After nearly 20 years’ efforts, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry has focused on two important aspects in the frontier field of physical organic chemistry — — Organic molecular clustering and free radical chemistry have been deeply and systematically studied. Won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2002, filling the vacancy of the award for four consecutive years.

The research results of organic molecular clustering and self-volume have important theoretical enlightenment for understanding some life phenomena and designing drugs to treat atherosclerotic diseases at the molecular level. The study of free radical chemistry established the most complete and reliable parameters reflecting the spin delocalization ability of substituents in the world at that time, which was considered as a milestone by international peers. These two aspects are related to the structural effect and dielectric effect of organic compounds, and are one of the core contents of physical organic chemistry research.

5. Nanotechnology Innovation

In the field of nano-characterization, in 1988, the Institute of Chemistry developed the first scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the first atomic force microscope (AFM) integrating computer control, data analysis and image processing systems in China, which laid the material foundation for nano-technology research in China. In 2001, China University of Science and Technology used low-temperature STM for the first time in the world to obtain the ability to distinguish carbon — C60 single-molecule images of carbon single bonds and double bonds, and achieved sub-nanometer resolution single-molecule optical Raman imaging for the first time in the world in 2013, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

In 2013, the National Nanocenter realized the direct imaging of intermolecular hydrogen bonds for the first time in the world by using AFM technology, which provided the first intuitive evidence for the "nature of hydrogen bonds" that has been debated in the chemical community for more than 80 years.

In the field of nano-materials and devices, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Metals and other units have produced a number of international leading achievements in the preparation of carbon nanotubes, the control of nano-structures and their physical properties, and surface nanocrystallization for more than 20 years, which has promoted the research and development in this field.

In 2017, Shanghai Microsystems Institute and related enterprises designed Scandium with low power consumption, long life and high stability — Antimony — Tellurium (Sc-Sb-Te) is a new high-speed phase change material, which is of great significance for China to break through foreign technical barriers and independently develop memory chips. Based on long-term basic research, the Institute of Chemistry has developed a complete industrial chain technology of nano-green printing, and in 2016, it built the world’s first demonstration line of sand-free nano-green printing plates.

In the field of nanocatalysis, in 2011, Dalian Institute of Chemistry prepared Pt/FeOx monoatomic catalyst for the first time in the world, and put forward a new concept of monoatomic catalysis, which was selected as one of the top ten scientific research achievements of the American Chemical Society in 2016. In 2014, based on the new concept of nano-confined catalysis, it pioneered the catalytic process of methane anaerobic production of olefins and aromatics, realized one-step efficient conversion, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

6. Synthetic biology research

Following the first synthetic bovine insulin in China in 1965 (won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1982), in November 1981, a joint research team composed of Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Cytology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Sciences, Institute of Biophysics and related units outside the hospital, which lasted for 13 years, artificially synthesized a complete yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid molecule containing 76 nucleotides for the first time in the world. This achievement won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1987, which is of great significance for revealing the origin of life and the role of nucleic acids in organisms, laying a theoretical foundation for further understanding of genetics and other life phenomena, and developing and applying a variety of nucleic acid drugs, marking China’s entry into the world’s advanced ranks in this field.

In August 2018, the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Molecular Plant Science adopted the "engineering" method of synthetic biology and efficient enabling technology, and used single-celled eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae (naturally containing 16 linear chromosomes) as the research material to artificially create eukaryotic cells containing only a single chromosome for the first time in the world. This is after the artificial synthesis of bovine insulin and yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid, Chinese scientists have once again used synthetic science strategies to answer major basic questions in the field of life science, which will deepen human understanding of the nature of life.

7. Study on the connection map between nonhuman primate model and brain.

The Center for Excellence and Innovation in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology has made a series of important original achievements in the research of nonhuman primate model and brain connection map. At the end of 2017, it took the lead in overcoming the worldwide problem of somatic cell nuclear cloning in nonhuman primates. On November 27th, the world’s first cloned monkey "Zhongzhong" was born, and on December 5th, the second cloned monkey "Huahua" was born. This is another major breakthrough in the field of cloning biotechnology after Dolly, a British sheep cloned in 1997, which will strongly promote the basic research of life science and translational medicine research, and bring bright prospects for exploring the mechanisms of many complex diseases, establishing effective diagnosis, treatment and intervention means and creating new drugs.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence in Innovation established a nonhuman primate model with human autism gene for the first time in the world — — The cynomolgus monkey model constructs a behavioral analysis paradigm of autism in nonhuman primates, which provides an important window for observing the neuroscience mechanism of autism and lays an important foundation for further studying the pathology of autism and exploring possible treatment and intervention methods.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence and Innovation successfully drew a more accurate functional partition map of human brain, that is, the map of human brain network group, which broke through the bottleneck of traditional brain map drawing for more than 100 years and put forward the idea of "drawing brain map by using brain connection information", and established a macro-scale whole brain connection map for the first time, providing an important foundation for the source innovation of brain science and brain disease research.

8. Genome research

In July 1999, led by the Institute of Genetic Development, China participated in the International Human Genome Project, becoming the sixth participating country and the only developing country after the United States, Britain, France, Germany and Japan. In April, 2000, China completed the 1% genome sequence working frame of the International Human Genome Project ahead of schedule, determined the 30 million base sequences on the short arm of chromosome 3, and drew the completed map with 99.99% coverage, which laid the foundation for China’s biological resources genome research and participation in international bio-industry competition.

In 2000, the Institute of Genetic Development cooperated in the Genome Project of Super Hybrid Rice in China. In October, 2001, it was the first to complete the drawing of rice (indica rice) gene working frame map, and published the database free of charge. In December 2002, the world’s first detailed map of the whole genome of crops was completed — — The fine map of indica rice genome sequence was drawn, and the world’s first gene chip covering the whole rice genome was successfully developed, which laid the foundation for maintaining China’s international leading position in hybrid rice breeding. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003.

In 2014, the Institute of Zoology successfully deciphered the whole genome sequence map of Locusta migratoria manilensis, which is the largest animal genome deciphered by human beings so far, revealing the regulation mechanism of swarming behavior, phenotypic plasticity inheritance and epigenetic regulation; At the same time, a series of breakthroughs have been made around the difficult problems such as the mechanism of population outbreak and disaster. Won the 2017 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

9. Compilation and biodiversity research of Flora of China

In 2004, the encyclopedia of higher plant resources in China — — Flora of China has been completely published. Led by China Academy of Sciences (Institute of Botany, south china botanical garden Institute of Botany, Kunming Institute of Botany, etc.), the book was prepared by four generations of plant taxonomists in China for 41 years (1918-1959) and compiled for 45 years (1959-2004), and was completed with the concerted efforts of 312 authors and 164 cartographers from more than 80 units across the country. There are 80 volumes and 126 volumes, with a total of more than 50 million words. It records 31,142 species of vascular plants belonging to 3408 genera and 301 families in China, including 9,080 plates. It is the largest and richest published flora book in the world. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2009.

Flora of China is a pioneering, innovative, systematic and basic project in the field of botany. It is a landmark achievement of botany research in China in the past half century. It has great academic value, promoted the development of botany and biology-related disciplines in China, provided an important scientific basis for the study of terrestrial ecosystems and the development and utilization of plant resources, and made great contributions to the sustainable development of biodiversity in China and the world, and had a far-reaching impact.

Previously, the "Illustration of Chinese Higher Plants" and "Key to Chinese Higher Plants’ Families and Genus" led by the Institute of Botany won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1987; The research results on the systematic arrangement and historical origin of pteridophytes in China won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1993.

In terms of biodiversity investigation, collection, preservation, protection and utilization, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has completed the construction of basic resource platforms such as botanical garden system, herbarium system, biological genetic resource bank and biodiversity monitoring and research network through the construction of strategic biological resources network, and established a relatively complete germplasm resource database and information sharing management system. In 2009, Kunming Institute of Botany took the lead in setting up the China Southwest Wildlife Germplasm Resource Bank, which collected nearly 80,000 rare and endangered species, endemic species and wild plant seeds with important economic and scientific value, and the preservation capacity of germplasm resources reached the international leading level. Initiating the China Botanical Garden Alliance and implementing the "Full Coverage Plan for Native Plants" have played an important role in protecting 40 landmark scientific and technological achievements of biodiversity in China. The construction of strategic biological resources network of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the scientific research carried out on this basis are of great strategic significance for promoting the protection of biodiversity, the development of biotechnology industry and coping with international competition in biological resources.

10. Paleontological research

In 1984, Nanjing Institute of Paleontology discovered the Chengjiang fossil group, and conducted a large-scale collection and comprehensive study of more than 30,000 fossils for 17 years, and achieved a series of remarkable achievements, vividly reappearing the face of the marine animal world 530 million years ago for the first time, providing a scientific basis for revealing the mystery of the CAMBRIAN explosion. This achievement is known as "one of the most amazing scientific discoveries in the 20th century" and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 2003.

"Golden Nail" is an international standard for global chronostratigraphic division and correlation. As of July 2018, among the more than 60 "golden nails" identified in the world, there are 11 in China, ranking first in the world, and 7 of them (Changxing Stage, Paibi Stage, Wujiaping Stage, Hernandez Stage, Guzhang Stage, Jiangshan Stage and Wuliu Stage) were completed by Nanjing Paleontologists.

Based on many years’ continuous large-scale field investigation and excavation, Paleovertebrate Institute has carried out research on vertebrate fauna in Jehol, western Liaoning Province, and achieved a series of important discoveries and original achievements, which enriched human understanding of the early Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem and was of great significance in the study of the origin and systematic evolution of many vertebrate groups. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003, and was selected as one of the 40 landmark major scientific and technological achievements in Time, the top ten scientific and technological discoveries in the world in 2007 and the top ten scientific breakthroughs in Science in 2014.

Through the discovery and study of the earliest modern human fossils in East Asia 120,000-80,000 years ago, the Institute of Paleontology denied some viewpoints of modern people’s "African origin theory", and put forward a new hypothesis that modern people appeared and spread in East Asia, which provided important fossil evidence for studying the evolution law of human beings in East Asia and pushed the research on the evolution of ancient human beings in China to the international frontier level. Related achievements were selected as the top ten scientific events of Nature in 2014.

11. Quaternary environmental research

Quaternary environmental field is the focus of global change research in recent years. The Institute of Geology and Earth, the Institute of Earth Environment, the Institute of Cold and Drought, etc., taking loess and glaciers as the important carriers of paleoenvironment research, have made a series of important achievements in Quaternary geology and environment research, which provide scientific basis for understanding the law of global environmental evolution, understanding the causes of current environmental changes and evaluating the future environmental development trend, and are at the forefront of international geoscience.

In the study of Quaternary loess environment, the Chinese Academy of Sciences put forward the theory of "fresh wind", which reconstructed the history of climate change for 2.5 million years based on China loess, promoted the development of earth environmental science, and had important practical significance for soil and water conservation, vegetation reconstruction and sand control in the Loess Plateau, and provided decision support for the comprehensive management of the national Loess Plateau. "Experimental study on comprehensive management of loess plateau" won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1993.

In the research of Quaternary Glaciers, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has found out the distribution and characteristics of Quaternary Glaciers in China, compiled the map of Quaternary Glaciers in China, broke through the traditional theory of Quaternary Four Glaciers, and developed the international scientific theory of Quaternary Glaciers and environmental changes, which is of great significance to the future water resources change, environmental evolution and sustainable development.

12. East Asian atmospheric circulation research

The study of atmospheric circulation is an important way to reveal the laws of atmospheric movement, explore global climate change, and make climate prediction and weather forecast. The Institute of Atmospheric Research and the Institute of Geophysics have made a systematic and in-depth study on the movement law of atmospheric circulation in East Asia, put forward the concept of abrupt climate change, and found that the circulation in East Asia and North America has changed sharply in the transitional season. The research found and proved the importance of blocking high in the continuous abnormal weather forecast, and revealed the influence mechanism of atmospheric circulation in East Asia on the climate in China. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

The study of atmospheric circulation in East Asia laid a theoretical foundation for the establishment of numerical weather forecast model in China in 1980s. In 1980, the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences cooperated with the Central Meteorological Observatory to set up the "Joint Numerical Forecasting Room", which developed the series of achievements into the main mode of meteorological service in China. In 1982, the Central Meteorological Observatory made the first 72-hour numerical weather forecast according to this model.

13. Mathematical mechanization method and symplectic geometry algorithm

In 1970s and 1980s, China’s algorithmic thought of traditional mathematics was developed, and an efficient algebraic method for proving geometric theorems by computer — — "Wu method" initiated a new interdisciplinary direction of mathematical mechanization. This is one of the most complete methods to solve algebraic and differential algebraic equations by symbols at present. It has been applied to solve mathematical interdisciplinary scientific problems such as robot kinematics, intelligent CAD, visual positioning, optimal interpolation of numerical control, cryptanalysis, automatic discovery of physical laws, configuration of celestial operation center, etc., which indicates that China has reached the international leading level in the field of automatic reasoning research.

Hamilton system is a mathematical form that expresses all conservation physical processes, and symplectic geometry is the mathematical basis of Hamilton system. In 1984, the Institute of Computational Mathematics put forward the calculation method of Hamilton system based on symplectic geometry, which created a new frontier field where computational physics, computational mechanics and computational mathematics intersect and permeate each other. Through systematic research, a number of fundamental original achievements were obtained, which had a great impact on the world and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1997. The algorithm has become the mainstream research direction of 40 landmark scientific and technological achievements of ordinary differential equations and numerical calculation of dynamic systems, and has brought about innovations in calculation in the fields of science and engineering. It has been widely used in celestial orbit evolution, high-energy accelerator design, molecular dynamics simulation, numerical weather prediction, oil and gas exploration, plasma confinement, computational quantum chemistry and so on.

14. Series of large astronomical observation facilities

LAMOST (also called "Guo Shoujing Telescope"), an optical telescope with large aperture and large field of view, is located in Xinglong Observatory of National Astronomical Observatory, and its spectrum acquisition rate is the highest in the world. The project was established in 1997, construction started in 2001, passed the acceptance test in 2009, and the spectrum survey began in October 2011.

As of June 2018, LAMOST has released more than 10 million celestial spectra, making it the astronomical database with the most complete coverage, the largest survey volume and sampling density, the best statistical consistency and the largest number of samples in the world. In August 2018, a strange celestial body with the highest known lithium abundance (about 3000 times that of similar celestial bodies) was discovered. Astronomers at home and abroad have made breakthroughs in the formation and evolution of the Milky Way, cross-certification of multi-band celestial bodies and galaxy physics by using LAMOST data.

The 500-meter spherical radio telescope (FAST, also known as "Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST)") is the largest and most sensitive radio telescope with independent intellectual property rights in China. FAST uses Guizhou natural karst depression as the telescope site, led by the National Astronomical Observatory, which was established in 2007 and started construction in 2011. Completed and opened in September 2016, it was selected as a major global scientific event in Nature that year and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017. By the end of August, 2018, FAST had confirmed the discovery of 44 pulsars, among which the first millisecond pulsar was internationally certified in April, 2018, which opened a new era of pulsar discovery in China Radio Telescope System.

In addition, the solar magnetic field telescope led by Beijing Observatory and the long-wave time service platform system built by Shaanxi Observatory won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988 respectively. The 1.56m astrometric telescope led by Shanghai Observatory won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992. The 2.16m astronomical optical telescope led by Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Development Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1998. The 65-meter radio telescope (also known as "Tianma Telescope") led by Shanghai Observatory has played an important role in China’s lunar exploration project and deep space exploration.

The construction and operation of a series of large astronomical observation facilities have provided high-level observation means and research platforms for Chinese and even world scientists to explore the mysteries of the universe, improved the international status of astronomy in China, and are of great significance to China’s basic frontier scientific research, strategic high-tech development and international scientific and technological cooperation.

15. Large accelerator devices represented by the Beijing Electron Positron Collider.

The Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is the first major national science and technology infrastructure built since China’s reform and opening-up. It was led by the Institute of High Energy, established in April 1983, started in October 1984, completed in October 1988 and put into operation in October 1990. It was called by People’s Daily as "another major breakthrough achievement in the high-tech field after the successful explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs and the launch of artificial satellites". The project construction won the special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990. The major reconstruction project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCⅡ) started in 2004 and passed the acceptance in May 2009. It won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2016.

Shanghai Light Source (SSRF) was led by Shanghai Yingwu Institute. It was established in March 1998, started in December 2004 and passed the acceptance in January 2010. This is one of the third generation synchrotron radiation light sources with leading performance indicators in the world, and it is also the largest scientific apparatus built in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2013.

Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator (HIRFL), led by the Institute of Modern Physics, was established in November 1976, started in December 1979 and passed the acceptance test in November 1989. It is the middle-high energy heavy ion accelerator with the highest energy accuracy in Asia and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992. The project of expanding multi-purpose cooling storage ring (CSR) on Lanzhou heavy ion accelerator was initiated in June 1997, started in April 2000, passed the acceptance in July 2008, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009.

Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Light Source (HLS), led by China University of Science and Technology, was established in April 1983, started in November 1984, and passed the acceptance in December 1991. It is the first special synchrotron radiation light source in China, and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1995. The second phase of the project was established in April 1997, started in May 1999 and passed the acceptance in December 2004.

China spallation neutron source (CSNS), led by High Energy Institute, was established in September 2008, started in October 2011, and passed the acceptance test in August 2018. It is the first pulsed spallation neutron source in China and the fourth in the world, and its technical indicators and comprehensive performance have entered the advanced ranks of similar devices in the world, which has enabled China to achieve a major leap in the field of intense proton accelerator and neutron scattering.

The construction and operation of a series of large-scale accelerator scientific apparatus has provided an advanced experimental platform for the frontier basic research of many disciplines in China, such as material science, life science, material science, energy science, environmental and earth science, geological archaeology, and high-tech research and development in the fields of microelectronics, micromachining, petrochemical industry, bioengineering, medicine and medical diagnosis and treatment, supported users to obtain a number of international leading achievements, made irreplaceable important contributions to enhancing China’s comprehensive scientific and technological strength, and promoted and promoted the development of related industries.

Facing the major needs of the country

16. Science and Application of Manned Space Flight and Lunar Exploration Project

Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the initiators and organizers of China manned space flight and lunar exploration project, and also the proposer and implementer of scientific and applied goals. More than 50 affiliated institutions have undertaken a large number of important engineering tasks and a number of collaborative supporting tasks, breaking through a large number of key core technologies and providing strong scientific and technological support for project implementation.

In the manned spaceflight project, the Space Application Center (formerly the General Department of Space Science and Application) took the lead in the space application system, and completed more than 70 space science and application tasks and 560 payload development tasks on Shenzhou series spacecraft, Tiangong-1, Tiangong-2 and Tianzhou-1. Continuous innovation and development of visible light, infrared, hyperspectral imaging and microwave remote sensing technologies have promoted the leap-forward development of space-to-earth observation technology in China; Created a series of space research in China, such as life science, microgravity fluid and material science, basic physics and astronomy. In 2008, the satellite was released in orbit for the first time, and the long-distance approach and accurate flight around non-cooperative targets were realized.

In 2016, in the mission of Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory, 14 scientific experiments in three major scientific fields were completed, among which the space cold atomic clock improved the time measurement accuracy of human beings in space by one or two orders of magnitude, which is an important milestone in the development of space quantum technology. "China’s manned spaceflight project", "astronauts’ extravehicular activity" and "rendezvous and docking" (including space application system) won the special prize, first prize and special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2003, 2009 and 2013 respectively.

In the lunar exploration project, the National Astronomical Observatory is responsible for six major tasks, such as the formulation of scientific objectives, the ground application system, the detection of payload, the VLBI of the measurement and control system, the development of engineering supporting loads and critical parts, and the research of scientific data. Since 2004, the development and scientific exploration tasks of Chang ‘e-1, Chang ‘e-2 and Chang ‘e-3 projects have been successfully completed, and key technologies such as earth-moon data transmission link, earth-moon VLBI orbit determination, payload and scientific exploration data processing method have been broken through, and a series of major original achievements have been achieved, such as obtaining the brightness temperature and its distribution law of the whole moon for the first time in the world, discovering a new rock type in the landing area of Chang ‘e-3 and reconstructing the geological evolution history of the lunar rain area, which has made outstanding contributions to the lunar exploration project. "Lunar Exploration Project" and "Chang ‘e II Project" won the special prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2009 and 2012 respectively.

In the manned space flight and lunar exploration project, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has overcome a series of technical difficulties and achieved a large number of achievements with great scientific and application value, which has made important contributions to promoting the development of space science and space application in China and safeguarding national space security and strategic interests.

17. Development of Beidou satellite navigation system series satellites

Beidou satellite navigation system is the largest space system project in China’s space history, with the longest system construction period and the most complicated technology. It is a global satellite navigation system that is independently built and operated in China and is compatible with other satellite navigation systems in the world. As one of the main construction units, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Microsatellite Innovation Research Institute, the Shanghai Observatory, the National Time Service Center, the Wuhan Institute of Materials and Sciences, and the Photoelectric Institute have undertaken the global networking satellite tasks of Beidou-2, Global System Test Satellite and Beidou-3 MEO, leading the leap-forward development of China’s advanced satellite technology and making important contributions to the global networking of Beidou satellite navigation system.

In the global system test satellite mission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences independently developed and successfully launched two new generation global system test satellites, of which the first star was launched on March 30, 2015. This achievement won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2017. In the Beidou-3 project, four groups of eight global networking satellites independently developed were successfully launched on January 12, March 30, August 25 and October 15, 2018 respectively. Key stand-alone machines and components such as the on-board atomic clock have been localized, and reliable guarantee has been provided in high-precision navigation, positioning and time service. The construction of this project marks the milestone of Beidou navigation system from regional to global.

Beidou satellite navigation system began to provide services to China and its surrounding areas at the end of 2000, and provided services to most parts of Asia-Pacific by the end of 2012. It is planned to serve countries and regions along the Belt and Road by the end of 2018, and complete global networking in 2020, which will generate extensive economic and social benefits in many fields such as transportation, marine fishery, hydrological monitoring, weather forecast, geodesy, intelligent driving test, disaster relief and reduction, mobile navigation, and car navigation.

18. Space science experiment series satellites

Since 2011, the Space Center has taken the lead, and many units inside and outside the Institute have participated in the implementation of the strategic pilot science and technology project of space science of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Through the independent and international cooperative scientific satellite program, a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in the frontier fields of related science, and related high-tech development has been promoted.

On December 17th, 2015, the dark matter particle detection satellite "Wukong" was successfully launched. This is the space detector with the widest observation range and the best energy resolution in the world so far. It has successfully obtained the highest precision electron cosmic ray energy spectrum in the world, and discovered the TeV inflection point and its fine structure above TeV for the first time.

On April 6, 2016, China’s first microgravity scientific experimental satellite "Practice 10" was successfully launched. The scientific goal is to study and reveal the laws of material movement and life activities under microgravity and space radiation conditions, and promote basic research such as life sciences and high-tech development such as ground bioengineering and new materials. The satellite capsule successfully returned on April 18th, and 15 of the 19 scientific experiments were the first in the world, and a number of important research results were obtained.

On August 16th, 2016, Mozi, the world’s first experimental satellite for quantum science, was successfully launched, which took the lead in realizing three scientific goals, namely, two-way quantum entanglement distribution between thousands of kilometers of satellites and places, high-speed quantum key distribution between satellites and places, and teleportation between satellites and places, marking China’s leading position in the field of quantum communication.

On June 15, 2017, China’s first hard X-ray modulated telescope satellite "Huiyan" was successfully launched. The satellite is a major space science project to study the frontier problems of dense celestial bodies such as black holes and neutron stars. It played an indispensable role in the joint observation of gravitational waves produced by the merger of two neutron stars announced by the National Science Foundation on October 16, 2017.

In addition, on December 22, 2016, the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully launched the first scientific experimental satellite for global carbon dioxide monitoring in China and the third in the world. This satellite can obtain the global atmospheric carbon dioxide distribution map and the global vegetation chlorophyll fluorescence distribution map every quarter, and the satellite data obtained by it is open to the world for sharing. The satellite provides basic data for research in the fields of greenhouse gas emission and carbon verification, provides data support for macro-decision-making such as energy conservation and emission reduction, and increases China’s voice in international carbon emission.

19. Deep sea scientific research and manned submersible technology

"Jiaolong" manned submersible is the first operational deep-sea manned submersible independently designed and integrated in China, and it is also the 40 operational manned submersibles with the deepest diving ability in the world. The Institute of Acoustics and Shenyang Institute of Automation respectively completed two key tasks (acoustic system and control system) in the three international leading technologies of Jiaolong, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. On June 27th, 2012, "Jiaolong" set a record for manned deep diving in China with a maximum dive of 7,062m, marking that China’s manned deep diving technology ranks among the advanced countries in the world, and its research and development and application won the first prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

In September 2012, the Institute of Oceanography built the "Science" comprehensive research ship for marine science, which has global navigation capability and all-weather observation capability, and is the most advanced scientific research ship in China. Taking this as the core, a world-class comprehensive exploration system for the deep sea has been built, which has significantly improved China’s deep sea exploration and research capabilities and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

From June to August, 2016, the Abyss Expedition Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences, organized by Deep Sea Institute, carried out the first comprehensive 10,000-meter Abyss expedition in the Challenger Abyss of Mariana Trench in China. Multi-type equipment broke through the depth of 10,000 meters and obtained a large number of biological and environmental samples of the 10,000-meter Abyss, which marked that the China Abyss expedition entered the 10,000-meter era. Shenyang Institute of Automation independently developed the 10,000-meter autonomous remote-controlled underwater robot "Haidou" (the maximum depth was 10,888 meters in February 2017), becoming the third country with the ability to develop 10,000-meter unmanned submersible after Japan and the United States.

In 2017, the "Haiyi" water glider independently developed by Shenyang Institute of Automation broke the world diving depth record for three times, with a maximum diving depth of 6,329 meters and continuous working hours at sea for more than three months, making China the second country after the United States with the ability to independently move ocean observation across seasons.

The "Deep Sea Warrior", which was developed by Institute of Acoustics, Shenyang Institute of Automation and Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and led by Deep Sea Institute, is the second deep-sea manned submersible with independent intellectual property rights in China. The underwater working depth is 4,500 meters, and the localization rate is as high as 95%. From August to October, 2017, the manned submersible engineering test was successfully carried out in the South China Sea. From March to June, 2018, the "Deep Sea Warrior" carried out high-frequency, high-intensity and complex sea conditions in the South China Sea around many application scenarios such as deep-sea science, deep-sea archaeology and deep-sea rescue, and achieved fruitful results.

In addition, since the 1980s, the South China Sea Institute of Oceanography has taken the lead in carrying out comprehensive scientific investigations on Nansha Islands and its adjacent sea areas with 32 units across the country, and obtained a large number of data and information on hydrology, geology, biology and oil and gas resources, which not only enriched and developed the basic theory of tropical marine science in China, but also provided an important scientific basis for safeguarding the sovereignty and maritime rights and interests of Nansha Islands in China, and was of great application value to resource development, environmental protection and comprehensive management in the South China Sea.

The key technological breakthroughs in deep-sea scientific research and manned submersible have promoted the overall improvement of China’s marine science and technology, realized the leap from integrated innovation to independent innovation of China’s deep-sea equipment, and provided important scientific and technological support for China to manage the ocean and build a maritime power.

20. Research on Quantum Communication and Quantum Computing

In quantum communication research, China University of Science and Technology is at the international leading level in developing long-distance quantum communication network technology. In February 2012, the world’s first large-scale metropolitan quantum communication network was built. In August 2017, Mozi, the world’s first experimental satellite for quantum science, realized the two-way quantum entanglement distribution, high-speed quantum key distribution and teleportation of satellites for thousands of kilometers for the first time in the world. "Tiangong-2" successfully realized the satellite-ground quantum key distribution based on miniaturized terminals. In September 2017, the world’s first quantum communication "Beijing-Shanghai trunk line" connecting multiple cities was officially opened; At the same time, the world’s first intercontinental quantum video communication is realized by combining the heaven-earth link of "Beijing-Shanghai trunk line" and "Mozi", which indicates that China has built the embryonic form of a wide-area quantum communication network integrating heaven and earth.

In the research of quantum computing, China University of Science and Technology is in an international leading position in the preparation and manipulation of multi-particle quantum entanglement, and has kept the world record of entangled photons since 2004. In 2015, the teleportation of multi-degree-of-freedom quantum system was successfully realized for the first time in the world, and it was rated as the top ten major breakthroughs in international physics by the British Physical Society that year. The research results of multiphoton entanglement and interferometry won the first prize of the 2015 National Natural Science Award. In December 2016, ten-photon entanglement was realized for the first time in the world, which once again set a new world record for the preparation of photon entangled States.

In May 2017, the world’s first quantum computer prototype based on a single photon was independently developed, and 10 superconducting qubits were entangled, which was selected as the leading scientific and technological achievement in the 4th world internet conference. In February, 2018, the cloud platform of quantum computing developed jointly with Alibaba Cloud was launched, becoming the second system in the world to provide more than 10-bit quantum computing cloud services to the public after IBM. In July 2018, the entanglement of 18 optical qubits was realized for the first time in the world, which set a new world record for the preparation of the largest entangled state in all physical systems.

21. Key technologies of VLSI

After more than 30 years’ efforts, Shanghai Microsystems broke through the technologies of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and 12-inch large silicon wafer respectively, successfully developed and industrialized 48-inch SOI and 12-inch large silicon wafer with core independent intellectual property rights, formulated the first enterprise standard of SOI technology in China, broke the foreign technology blockade, and entered the international high-end silicon-based materials market, which was a major breakthrough in silicon integrated circuit technology and microelectronic materials in China. Won the first prize of the 2006 National Science and Technology Progress Award and the 2007 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The Institute of Microelectronics led the organization of the National Industry-University-Research Alliance. After seven years of tackling key problems, it has successively broken through key technologies such as 22nm high-k dielectric/metal gate engineering, 14nm FinFET devices, new flash memory devices, manufacturability design, etc., and formed a systematic layout of intellectual property rights on key process modules (2,406 patents, including 483 international patents). In 2013, it realized the license transfer to large manufacturing enterprises for the first time, and entered the stage of industrial development, which was at the nanometer level in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

22. High performance computing

In 1983, the computer of the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" project jointly developed by the Institute of Computing Technology and more than 80 units inside and outside the Institute passed the appraisal for thousands of times. This is the first large-scale vector computer system independently researched, designed and trial-produced in China, and won the first prize of the 1985 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

In 1995, the institute broke through some key technologies of large-scale parallel processing, successfully developed Dawning 1000 large-scale parallel computer system, and won the first prize of the 1997 National Science and Technology Progress Award. The Dawning 4000 series high-performance computers successfully developed in 2004 have the ability of 10 trillion floating-point operations, which makes China’s high-performance computing technology and industry rank among the top ten in the world and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005. Dawning 5000A, which was successfully developed in 2008, continues to rank tenth in the 32nd TOP500 list of global high-performance computers. Dawn "Nebula" successfully developed in 2010 is the first supercomputer with measured performance exceeding petaflops in China, ranking second in the world. From 2009 to 2016, Dawning series supercomputers ranked first in the market share of high-performance computers in China for 8 consecutive years.

The Institute of Software has long been committed to the software research and development of a series of domestic high-performance computers such as Yu Shuguang, Lenovo, Shenwei and Tianhe, and has developed a new generation of high-performance common basic algorithm libraries and a domain decomposition algorithm suitable for large heterogeneous environments. It broke through the key technology of fully implicit solver design under the scale of 10 million cores and won the highest international award for high performance computing application in 2016 — — Gordon Bell Award and 2017 Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

23. Research and development of domestic chips and system software

In 2002, godson-1, China’s first self-developed general-purpose processor chip, was successfully developed by Compute, which indicated that China had initially mastered the key design technologies of contemporary general-purpose processor chips. In 2003, China’s first 64-bit general-purpose processor chip "Godson 2B" was successfully developed. In 2009, China’s first multi-core general processor chip "Godson 3A" was successfully developed. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003. After more than 10 years of research and development, "Godson" has formed three product series, such as embedded application, desktop application and server, which are used in Beidou navigation satellite, party and government office, digital TV, education, industrial control, network security and national defense.

In recent years, the institute has developed the world’s first deep learning processor chip — — "CAMBRIAN" can improve the energy efficiency of intelligent processing by more than 100 times compared with traditional chips such as general-purpose processors, and is applied to tens of millions of mobile phones such as Huawei Mate10, Glory V10 and P20. In November 2016, it was selected as the third leading scientific and technological achievement in world internet conference. In 2016, it hatched the world’s first artificial intelligence chip unicorn company.

In 1983, based on the research on the theory and design of software engineering environment of sequential logic, the Institute of Software proposed the world’s first executable sequential logic language XYZ/E, which can support the whole process of software development and won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award in 1989.

In 1985, Lenovo Group, which was hatched by computer, successfully developed the Lenovo Chinese character microcomputer system LX-PC and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988. In 1990, Lenovo ELSA486/50 microcomputer and test system were successfully developed and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1992.

24. Robot and artificial intelligence technology

In 1995, Shenyang Institute of Automation took the lead in developing the 6000m autonomous underwater robot (CR-01). In 1995 and 1997, it went to the Pacific Ocean twice to carry out investigations, which enabled China to conduct detailed exploration of most sea areas except trenches. The related technologies and capabilities ranked among the top in the world and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1998.

In 2012, the Institute independently developed China’s first 6000m unmanned cableless submersible (AUV) "Qianlong No.1", which has the functions of automatic orientation, depth setting, height setting, vertical and lateral movement, closed-loop control of position and path, and remote navigation on the water surface. In 2014, "Qianlong II" was successfully developed, which has high intelligent autonomous obstacle avoidance ability and stable navigation control ability, marking that China’s underwater autonomous robot technology has reached the international advanced level.

The industrial robot technology of the institute has been successfully industrialized, and the market share of mobile robots of Xinsong Company continues to be the first in the world. In recent years, special robots have been developed, such as mobile robots for polar scientific research on ice and snow, rotary-wing flying robots, nano-operating robots, ultra-high voltage line inspection robots, and anti-terrorism explosion-proof robot.

The first full-size humanoid rescue robot "Yugong" developed by Hefei Research Institute in 2013 has the ability of autonomous walking and multi-task operation in complex environment, reaching the international advanced level.

In 1999, Hanwang Technology Company, which was hatched by Institute of Automation, developed the world’s first handwritten Chinese character input system with large character set — — The recognition method and system of handwritten Chinese characters in Lian Bi of Hanwang Deformation won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2001.

Iris recognition technology, face recognition technology, voice recognition technology, intelligent video surveillance technology, molecular imaging technology, etc. developed by Institute of Automation have been widely used, and AI program "CASIA- Prophet 1.0" and bionic robot fish’s high efficiency and high maneuverability control have been important applications in specific fields.

In 1992, the Institute of Computing Technology developed an intelligent English-Chinese machine translation system IMT/EC(IMT/863), which won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1995, opening the way for Chinese machine translation technology to enter the international market.

Iflytek Company is at the international leading level in the field of intelligent voice and artificial intelligence core technology, and has set a new world record in top international competitions and authoritative evaluation for many times, ranking sixth in the list of "50 Smartest Companies in the World" in 2017 by MIT Science and Technology Review.

25. Advanced nuclear energy research

In the field of nuclear fusion, Hefei Research Institute independently designed, built and operated the world’s first fully superconducting noncircular cross-section tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device (EAST, commonly known as "Small Sun"), which established an important experimental platform for the world’s steady-state near-core fusion physics and engineering research. The project was established in July 1998, started in October 2000, and passed the acceptance in March 2007. On July 3, 2017, EAST obtained the plasma driven by completely non-inductive current (steady state) with high confinement mode for more than 100 seconds, becoming the first tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device in the world to realize the operation duration of steady state with high confinement mode of 100 seconds. Its scientific research results provide experimental support for the long pulse and high confinement operation of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and provide experimental support for the next generation fusion device in China — — The design and pre-research of China Fusion Engineering Experimental Reactor (CFETR) laid the foundation. The construction and operation of EAST has made China’s Tokamak research go to the forefront of the world and become one of the most important international research centers in this field. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2007, the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2008 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2013.

In the field of nuclear fission, in 2011, the Institute of Modern Physics took the lead in researching the key core technology of Accelerator Drive System (ADS). In 2016, the advanced nuclear energy system scheme driven by Accelerator was put forward for the first time in the world and a prototype was built, which integrated the safe disposal of nuclear waste, the proliferation of nuclear fuel and the production capacity. The utilization rate of uranium resources can be increased from less than 1% at present to over 95%, the amount of treated nuclear waste is less than 4% of spent fuel, and the radiation life can be shortened from hundreds of thousands of years to about 50%. In recent years, Shanghai Yingwu Institute has taken the lead in building the Thorium-based molten salt reactor (Cold) Experimental Research Base, realizing the prototype system of Thorium-uranium cycle, reactor body engineering design, series of high-temperature molten salt circuits, safety and licensing and a series of key technological breakthroughs, leading the international research and development of Thorium-based molten salt reactor, and laying a scientific and technological foundation for the construction of experimental reactors.

26. Super laser technology and device

Ultra-intense and ultra-short laser is considered as the brightest light source known to mankind, which can create unprecedented comprehensive extreme physical conditions of ultra-intense electromagnetic field, ultra-high energy density and ultra-fast time scale in the laboratory, and has great application value in the fields of desktop accelerator, attosecond science, ultra-fast chemistry, material science, laser fusion, nuclear physics and medicine, and high-energy physics.

In 2002, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics broke through the key science and technology of new principle series of ultra-short laser with optical parameter chirped pulse amplification, and obtained 16.7 terawatt laser output with peak power one order of magnitude higher than that of similar international research, and won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2004. In 2011, the Institute of Physics adopted high contrast chirped pulse amplification technology, and for the first time in the world, the femtosecond Ti: sapphire amplification laser device was used to obtain the peak power greater than 1 petawatt. In 2013 and 2016, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics successively developed 2-watt and 5-watt laser systems that set the world’s highest peak laser power record at that time. In 2017, it was the first to realize 10-watt laser amplification output, leading the international frontier of super laser science.

Since the 1960s, as the birthplace and core team of laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF) device research in China, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Mechanics has successively completed the construction of Shenguang I and Shenguang II series high-power laser devices, providing core strategic support for the frontier research of high-energy density physics and the national strategic high-tech development. Shenguang I device (Laser No.12 experimental device), which was built in 1986, marked a major breakthrough in the five-in-one experimental research of ICF in China and won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990. Shenguang ⅱ device completed in 2001 and the only multifunctional probe system successfully developed in China in 2005; The Shenguang driver upgrade device that passed the acceptance in 2017 has become a comprehensive research platform for quick fire and advanced flash photography capabilities, which is the core of ICF research in China.

27. Manufacturing technology of high-precision diffraction grating and large-aperture silicon carbide reflector

Diffraction grating is a kind of precision optical element with nanometer precision periodic microstructure, and it is the "heart" of all kinds of spectral instruments. It has important applications in astronomy, optical communication, lasers, information storage, inertial confinement laser nuclear fusion and many other fields. It is a worldwide problem to make the grating bigger and finer, and the grating scribing machine, as the master machine for making gratings, is known as the "king of precision machinery". After years of hard work, Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics broke through a series of key core technologies, and independently developed a large-scale high-precision diffraction grating scribing system in November 2016, and successfully scribed the world’s largest stepped grating (400 mm× 500 mm), which solved the problem of "having a device without a heart" in China’s spectral instruments, broke foreign monopoly and blockade, and improved the ability of China’s spectral instrument industry to move towards high-end and expand the international market. Large-aperture optical mirror is the core component of high-resolution space Earth observation, deep space exploration and astronomical observation system. Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic material is internationally recognized as a high-performance mirror material. China is totally dependent on imports and has long been controlled by people. Changchun Institute of Optics and Mechanics has completed the manufacture of the largest diameter 4m silicon carbide mirror in international public reports, the preparation of silicon carbide mirror blank, aspheric surface processing inspection and modified coating. The core manufacturing equipment and manufacturing process have independent intellectual property rights, and passed the acceptance in August 2018. This achievement marks a major technological breakthrough in the field of large-aperture optical manufacturing in China.It is of great strategic significance for China’s basic research, disaster prevention and mitigation, public safety and national defense security to form the development capability of large-aperture series mirrors.

28. Scientific investigation and research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the roof of the world, the water tower of Asia and the roof of the world of the earth, is an important ecological security barrier and strategic resource reserve base in China, and an important protected area of Chinese national culture, which is of great significance for studying the evolution of the earth and life, global climate change and the sustainable development of mankind.

On the basis of comprehensive scientific investigations in areas such as Mount Everest in the 1960s, from 1973 to 1980, the Natural Resources Comprehensive Investigation Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with thousands of experts from nearly 80 units across the country, carried out the first comprehensive and systematic comprehensive scientific investigation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, accumulated a large number of first-hand scientific investigation materials, and made pioneering achievements in many aspects such as the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on the natural environment and human activities. It fills the blank of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau research, establishes China’s leading position in comprehensive scientific research on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and also provides scientific basis for ecological protection and economic and social development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

Since then, the relevant units of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have successively organized and carried out Hengduan Mountain (1981-1986) and Karakorum Mountain — Kunlun Mountain (1987-1992), Hoh Xil (1989-1990, 2005), Mount Everest (2005), Guriya Ice Cap in West Kunlun (2015) and many other large-scale comprehensive scientific investigations.

In August 2017, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Institute initiated the second comprehensive scientific investigation and study on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, focusing on water, ecology and human activities. Through long-term large-scale positioning monitoring and large-scale systematic in-depth investigation, the technology, means and methods of investigation and study were innovated, and the environmental problems such as water, ecology and human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied, revealing the environmental change mechanism of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on human society, which will promote the sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, optimize the ecological security barrier system,

29 Qinghai-Tibet Railway Engineering Frozen Soil Subgrade Road Construction Technology and Demonstration Project

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project, which attracts worldwide attention, is of great significance to promoting regional economic and social development, national unity and safeguarding national strategic security. The thawing settlement of frozen soil subgrade and effective protection of permafrost are the biggest problems facing the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

Climate change through drought and drought — Frozen soil — Engineering — The comprehensive study of environment creatively puts forward a new design idea of cooling subgrade and reducing the temperature of permafrost, and carries out integrated research and engineering demonstration of engineering technical measures, which provides scientific basis and design parameters for railway construction; A new concept of dynamic feedback design is put forward, which realizes the transformation of engineering design from static to dynamic. A long-term monitoring platform for the stability of permafrost engineering of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been built to support the long-term operation and maintenance of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

This series of research results have comprehensively improved the technical level of road construction in permafrost regions in China, effectively solved the major technical problems in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway, and also have important guiding significance and wide application value for the study of engineering construction and environmental evolution in permafrost regions, with remarkable economic and social benefits. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005 and the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2017. "Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project" won the special prize of 2008 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

30. Theory, technology and equipment for deep earth resources exploration.

In terms of deposit geochemistry, the Institute of Geochemistry has systematically studied 250 stratabound deposits of 17 important minerals in China, demonstrated the concept, terminology, metallogenic method and mechanism of stratabound deposits, and put forward a stratabound metallogenic theory in line with China’s geological conditions. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987.

In the theory of deep resource exploration, the Institute of Geological Earth has established the theoretical system of "North China Craton Destruction", developed the theory of plate tectonics and the morphological theory of geomagnetic polarity conversion field, led the study of continental evolution, and promoted the international status of solid earth science research in China; This paper reveals the internal relationship between Mesozoic large-scale mineralization in North China and craton failure, and puts forward a new metallogenic prediction model, which provides a scientific basis for deep resource exploration in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014.

In terms of deep resource detection technology and equipment, the Institute has developed high-performance magnetic field sensors and ground electromagnetic detection systems with independent intellectual property rights, put forward short-offset transient electromagnetic exploration methods, solved related supporting materials and technological problems, expanded the electromagnetic detection depth of active sources from several hundred meters to several kilometers, and realized large-depth, high-precision, high-speed and low-cost detection in a large range. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015.

In recent years, the Institute has taken the lead in developing eight sets of equipment, such as satellite magnetic load measurement, airborne superconducting full tensor magnetic gradient measurement device, airborne transient electromagnetic prospecting instrument, prospecting gravimeter, multi-channel high-power electrical prospecting instrument, metal mine seismic detection system, deep deposit logging system and combined submarine seismic detection equipment. The key technologies have filled the domestic gap, and many technical indicators have reached the international level. Some of the equipment have broken foreign monopoly and supported China’s "March into the deep part of the earth".

Facing the main battlefield of national economy

31. Huanghuaihai Science and Technology Battle and Bohai Granary Science and Technology Demonstration Project

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized many scientific research units and thousands of scientific and technological workers inside and outside the Academy, in five provinces and two cities, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Lu Yu, Anhui and Jiangsu. In view of the long-term low and unstable grain output caused by various natural disasters such as drought, waterlogging, saline-alkali and so on, it established a comprehensive agricultural management model for low-and medium-yield areas in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. After more than 20 years of scientific and technological research and production practice, it transformed 13.78 million mu of low-and medium-yield fields, increasing the grain yield per mu from 1 "Research and development of comprehensive management of middle and low yield areas in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain" won the special prize of the 1993 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

On this basis, in 2013, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology joined forces with Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Tianjin and other provinces and cities to launch the "Bohai Granary Science and Technology Demonstration Project". In view of the shortage of fresh water resources and the saline-alkali wasteland restricting food production and the development of modern agriculture in the low plain around the Bohai Sea, we focused on breaking through key technologies such as soil, fertilizer, water and seeds, integrated the construction of technical systems for increasing grain production in different types of areas, and established large-scale demonstration areas, and achieved a series of significant progress and achievements. In 2013-2017, a total of 80.16 million mu was popularized, increasing grain by 10.5 billion kilograms and saving water by 4.3 billion cubic meters; It is estimated that by 2020, the annual output will increase by 5 billion kilograms.

As an organizer and pioneer, Chinese Academy of Sciences has played an important role in the comprehensive management of agriculture in the middle and low-yield areas of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and the demonstration project of science and technology in Bohai granary, and has made great contributions to improving the level of modern agricultural science and technology in China and ensuring national food security.

32 clean and efficient use of coal core technology and industrial demonstration

Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemical Industry independently developed the indirect liquefaction technology of high-temperature iron-based slurry bed coal, and the key technical indicators were internationally leading, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005. The first batch of three million-ton industrialization demonstration projects with this technology as the core have made great progress. Shenhua Ningmei 4 million tons/year and Inner Mongolia Yitai Hangjinqi 1 million tons/year coal indirect liquefaction projects have successfully achieved full load and overload operation respectively; Shanxi Lu ‘an 1 million tons/year coal indirect liquefaction demonstration project has also been put into production and is moving towards full load operation. The successful realization of large-scale industrial demonstration and popularization and application of this technology indicates that China has mastered the world’s leading industrial core technology of the million-ton coal indirect liquefaction project.

Dalian Institute of Chemicals has developed a complete set of industrialized technology for preparing low-carbon olefins (DMTO) from methanol with independent intellectual property rights. The conversion rate of methanol is nearly 100%, and the selectivity of low-carbon olefins reaches 90%, which is at the leading level in the world. On August 8, 2010, the world’s first industrial plant (Shenhua Baotou) with 1.8 million tons of coal-based methanol to 600,000 tons of olefins was successfully started, achieving a zero breakthrough in the industrialization of coal-based olefins in the world. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011 and the first prize of National Technological Invention Award in 2014. By the end of 2017, DMTO technology has licensed 24 units with an olefin production capacity of 13.88 million tons/year (about 1/3 of the country); Twelve units were put into operation, with an olefin production capacity of 6.46 million tons/year. In January, 2017, the technology of producing ethanol from coal by dimethyl ether carbonylation (DMTE) was successfully extended to 100,000 tons/year industrial demonstration in Shaanxi. This technology can also be used to produce anhydrous ethanol from the tail gas of coking plants or steel mills.

In 2016, Dalian Institute of Chemical Industry broke through the water-gas shift mode with high water consumption and high energy consumption in the field of coal chemical industry for more than 90 years, created a new route of one-step high-efficiency olefin production from coal-based syngas, and created a new way of coal conversion with low water consumption in principle.

In 2008, Fujian Institute of Biological Research pioneered a complete set of technologies for the synthesis of oxalate by gas-phase catalytic synthesis of 10,000 tons of carbon monoxide and ethylene glycol by catalytic hydrogenation of oxalate, and successfully realized the world’s first 200,000 tons/year industrial demonstration device for the production of ethylene glycol from coal in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, which changed the long-term dependence of China’s ethylene glycol raw materials on imports and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. Six sets of devices have been technically licensed and put into operation, forming a production capacity of 1.2 million tons.

The core technology and industrial demonstration of clean and efficient utilization of coal have improved the research level of new coal chemical industry in China, broken through a number of strategic key technologies, and occupied the commanding heights of international technology in some directions, providing key technical support for enterprise transformation, industrial upgrading and strategic emerging industry development, which is of great strategic significance for China to give play to its advantages in coal resources, ease the shortage of oil resources, ensure energy security and protect the ecological environment.

33. Nonlinear optical crystal research and equipment development

In 1979 and 1986, Fujian Institute of Physics invented a new type of nonlinear optical crystal — — Low temperature phase lithium metaborate (β -－BaB2O4 (BBO) and lithium triborate (LiB3O5, LBO). BBO is the first ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal with practical value in the world, and LBO is the first choice for frequency conversion in visible and ultraviolet regions, especially for high-power devices, which has broad application space in scientific research, precision machining, information communication, medical treatment, semiconductor and other industries. LBO won the first prize of National Technological Invention Award in 1991. The development of BBO and LBO crystal materials and components broke the foreign monopoly, and Fujing Science and Technology Company, which was hatched with this technology as the core, maintained the position of the world’s largest manufacturer of nonlinear optical crystals and laser crystals for a long time.

After more than 20 years’ efforts, the Institute of Physics and Chemistry has made a breakthrough in deep ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal and laser technology, taking the lead in breaking through the large-scale growth technology of nonlinear optical crystal KBBF(KBe2BO3F2) and the precise and practical deep ultraviolet all-solid-state laser technology in the world, and developed a series of practical and precise deep ultraviolet all-solid-state laser sources, and successfully developed a series of internationally pioneering/leading deep ultraviolet laser sources in cooperation with the Institute of Physics, Dalian Institute of Chemistry and Semiconductor Institute. Light source — Equipment — Scientific research — Industrialization "in innovation chain marks that China has become the only country in the world that can manufacture practical and precise deep ultraviolet solid-state lasers.

In 1984, icosahedral quasicrystals with five symmetries were found in the rapidly quenched Ti-Ni-V alloy where the metal was located, which strongly demonstrated the existence of quasicrystals, broke the traditional classification standard of crystals and amorphous materials for solid materials, and opened up a new research field for the study of material microstructure and materials. Won the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 1987. This achievement and subsequent related research work have accumulated a theoretical basis for promoting the development and application of new materials such as aerospace quasicrystal thermal barrier coatings, solar selective absorption films, quasicrystal composite materials and quasicrystal thermoelectric materials.

34. Stem cells and regenerative medicine research

In 2009, animals used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) for the first time by injecting tetraploid blastocysts, which proved the totipotency of iPS cells for the first time in the world, providing a technical platform for further research on the application of iPS technology in stem cells, developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. Since then, the institute has also taken the lead in establishing mammalian parthenogenetic and parthenogenetic haploid embryonic stem cell lines, and formed a technical system for screening and researching functional genes with international advantages; It is found that parthenogenetic haploid stem cells can replace sperm after genome imprinting modification, and a new method of "same-sex reproduction" is established.

In 2012, Guangzhou Institute of Biological Sciences used urine epithelial cells to induce the production of neural stem cells, which provided a new way for the treatment of neurological diseases.

In 2016, the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Molecular Cell Science successfully used transdifferentiation technology to construct hepatocytes, developed a new type of bioartificial liver, treated and saved more than 10 patients with liver failure, and realized industrial transformation.

Since 2015, the Institute of Genetic Development has used nerve regeneration collagen scaffold combined with cell transplantation to treat spinal cord injury and achieved good results; From 2013 to 2018, the treatment of endometrial injury and premature ovarian failure with stem cells combined with collagen scaffold materials was successful, which is expected to become an effective treatment for female reproductive system diseases.

35. New drug creation

Shanghai Institute of Medicine innovatively developed salvianolic acid salt and its powder for injection, and obtained the new drug certificate and production approval in May 2005, which was rated as the most competitive drug in China pharmaceutical industry. Since it was put into production in 2006, the cumulative sales revenue has exceeded 20 billion yuan, benefiting more than 15 million patients, which has a demonstration role in the modernization of Chinese medicine in China. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013.

In 2009, it took more than 10 years for the institute to independently develop the first national first-class fluoroquinolones antibacterial drug with independent intellectual property rights in China — — Antofloxacin hydrochloride has significantly improved antibacterial activity and metabolic properties, breaking the situation that China has long relied on generic drugs.

After more than 20 years’ efforts, on July 17, 2018, the third phase clinical trial of mannose oligosaccharide diacid (GV-971) jointly developed by the Institute was completed, and the curative effect was obvious, marking a major breakthrough in the new drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease with independent intellectual property rights in China. GV-971′ s novel mode of action and unique multi-target action characteristics have subverted the traditional understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease in the world medical community and opened up a new path for drug research and development of Alzheimer’s disease.

In 1986, Chengdu Institute of Biology developed "Di ‘ao Xinxuekang", a pure Chinese medicine preparation for preventing and treating coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. In 1988, it was listed as a national new drug. Based on this achievement, Chengdu Di ‘ao Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., founded by Chinese Academy of Sciences, is one of the first national top 100 high-tech enterprises. On March 14th, 2012, "Di ‘ao Xinxuekang" capsule was listed in the Netherlands, becoming the first therapeutic drug with independent intellectual property rights registered and listed in the European Union.

In 2014, Shanghai Organic Institute developed the tumor immune targeting small molecule inhibitor (IDO) "indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase", which can be used to treat prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer and other tumor diseases. In September 2017, the license was transferred to local biopharmaceutical enterprises for US$ 457 million.

36. Research on distant hybridization and molecular breeding.

After more than 50 years of unremitting efforts, the Institute of Genetic Development has cultivated a new wheat variety "Xiaoyan" series of distant hybridization between wheat and thinopyrum, which has opened up a new way for wheat chromosome engineering breeding. Xiaoyan 6 is not only popularized in a large area and for a long time, but also one of the most important backbone parents of wheat breeding in China, and has derived more than 80 high-yield and high-quality wheat varieties. In 2006, the Institute passed the national examination and approval of the wheat variety "Conon of Samos 199" and became one of the main varieties planted in Huanghuai wheat area.

After more than ten years of tackling key problems, the Institute has comprehensively applied genomics, computational biology, systematic biology and synthetic biology to create a systematic solution and new breeding technology for the new generation of rice super varieties. The molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance, heterosis, broad-spectrum disease resistance and yield balance of rice were deeply analyzed in theory. New rice modular varieties, such as "Zhongke 804", "Zhongke 902" and "Jiayou Zhongke" series, which are suitable for different ecological areas such as the northeast rice region and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, have been cultivated, and the synergistic improvement of rice quality, high yield and multi-resistance has been realized. This achievement marks the initial establishment of a new system of molecular module breeding technology in China, which leads the world in the research of modern breeding theory and the cultivation of a new generation of design varieties. It is the third major breakthrough after the "green revolution" in agriculture and hybrid rice. Won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013 and the first prize of National Natural Science Award in 2017.

37. Research and demonstration of marine ecological pasture.

In view of the serious decline of China’s offshore fishery resources and the serious deterioration of marine ecological environment, the Institute of Oceanography put forward an innovative idea of "marine agriculture and animal husbandry" in the offshore waters from the 1970s, and conducted experiments and demonstrations in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province and Daya Bay, Guangdong Province, focusing on the dominant aquatic economic types such as fish, prawns, sea cucumbers, shellfish and algae, developing high-quality new germplasm creation and healthy aquaculture technology research and development, and establishing bay-type and island-reef-type that can be replicated and popularized. Among them, "Introduction, Breeding, Breeding Research and Application of Bay Scallop" won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1990.

On this basis, the Institute continued to innovate key technologies and facilities for the construction of marine ecological environment, formulated standards for the construction of marine ecological pasture, and realized the development of marine ecological environment from local restoration to system construction, biological resources from production restoration to ecological restoration, and resources and environment from single monitoring and evaluation to comprehensive early warning and forecasting. In 2015-2017, five demonstration areas of marine ecological pasture were built in Dalian, Tangshan, Yantai and Rizhao, with an application demonstration area of 456,000 mu. The ecological environment was significantly improved, and the ecosystem became more stable. Most of the core areas maintained the first-class water quality, the economic biological species increased by 29%-46%, the resources increased by more than 2 times, and the average annual income of fishermen increased from 50,000 yuan to 110,000 yuan.

38. Disaster relief through science and technology

For a long time, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been adhering to the concept of innovation for the people and serving the country with science and technology, actively exerting the advantages of science and technology and talents, developing remote sensing monitoring and prevention technologies for natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudslides, droughts, sandstorms, fires and red tides, putting forward a series of theories and methods for disaster prevention and mitigation, and developing a number of high-end equipment urgently needed for disaster relief, which has played an important role in supporting science and technology, providing scientific and timely think tank support for major national and regional disaster prevention and relief decisions, and safeguarding the people.

In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, the 2010 Yushu earthquake in Qinghai and the Zhouqu mudslide disaster in Gansu, the 2013 Ya ‘an earthquake in Sichuan, and the 2014 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan, more than 20 units including Remote Sensing Earth Institute, Chengdu Mountain Institute, Geographical Resources Institute, Shanghai Microsystems Institute and Psychology Institute, Using the advantages of scientific and technological accumulation and technical talents in satellite and aerial remote sensing monitoring technology, disaster monitoring equipment such as unmanned aerial vehicles, emergency energy, wireless emergency communication equipment, search and rescue robots, geographic information data and demonstration systems, disease prevention and epidemic prevention, low-cost medical care, emergency drinking water equipment, psychological assistance, and evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity, it has provided important technical support and decision-making consulting services in emergency relief, disaster investigation, secondary disaster prevention, post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.

39. China Ecosystem Research Network.

Since 1988, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has integrated the field observation and research stations of relevant research institutes and established the China Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), aiming at studying the changing laws of the structure and function, process and pattern of China’s ecosystems through long-term monitoring and experiments in different regions and different types of ecosystems in China, combining remote sensing and model simulation, carrying out optimal management and demonstration of ecosystems, improving the research level of ecology and related disciplines in China, and making contributions to China’s ecological and environmental protection, rational utilization of resources and national sustainable development.

After 30 years of construction and development, CERN has become a national science and technology platform integrating ecosystem dynamic monitoring, scientific research, technical demonstration, scientific consultation and popular science education, including 44 ecological stations, 5 sub-centers of disciplines and a comprehensive research center. It has accumulated a large amount of monitoring and experimental data and achieved a series of research results, which has promoted scientific and technological progress and ecological civilization construction in China’s ecological environment field. Won the first prize of 2012 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station, founded in 1955, is the earliest field long-term comprehensive observation research station established by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Based on a large number of monitoring and tests, a railway protection system model of "solid-oriented, solid-resistance combined" in sandy area was put forward, which ensured the construction and smooth operation of baotou-lanzhou railway crossing mobile sand dunes and was widely popularized. "The establishment of railway sand control protection system in Shapotou section of Baolan line" won the special prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1988. Shapotou Desert Experimental Research Station joined CERN in 1992 and became the national field scientific observation research station in 2006.

40. Study on regional spatial development and functional zoning

Since the mid-20th century, the Institute of Geography and Nanjing Institute of Geography have presided over the comprehensive agricultural regionalization in China. In 1981, the first comprehensive agricultural regionalization in China was compiled, which comprehensively and systematically discussed the characteristics of agricultural resources, production status and agricultural regionalization scheme in China for the first time, providing an important scientific basis for the macro-decision of agricultural production structure and layout in China, and laying a theoretical and practical foundation for the follow-up agricultural regionalization in China. Won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985.

In 1984, the Institute of Geographical Resources put forward the "point-axis system" theory of China’s socio-economic spatial organization and the "T-shaped" spatial framework of land development and economic layout, which scientifically reflected the spatial combination framework of China’s economic development potential and was written into the national land planning outline in 1987. Since then, the Institute has established the theory of regional function and the technical specification of main function zoning, researched and compiled the first national main function zoning plan in China, which was incorporated into the national planning and upgraded to the national strategy and basic system, and won the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievement Award of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. In 2015, the Institute used the series of research methods and early warning models to diagnose the state of regional sustainable development in China for the first time. The above achievements play an important role in promoting the modernization of China’s land space governance system and governance capacity and promoting the construction of ecological civilization.

County, District People’s governments, municipal commissions and bureaus, and municipal directly affiliated units:

"Lianyungang coastal waters pollutant reduction and water quality improvement three-year action plan" has been approved by the municipal government and is hereby issued to you, please implement it carefully.

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 Lianyungang Municipal People’s Government Office

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　March 24, 2021

(This piece is publicly released)

Pollutant reduction in Lianyungang coastal watersAnd water quality improvement.

In order to strengthen the construction of ecological civilization and the protection of marine ecological environment in our city, control the pollution discharge in coastal waters, and continuously improve the water quality and marine ecological environment in coastal waters, this plan is formulated according to the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Marine Environment, the Regulations on the Protection of Marine Environment in Jiangsu Province and other laws and regulations, in accordance with the requirements of the Three-year Action Plan for Pollutant Reduction and Water Quality Improvement in Coastal Waters in Jiangsu Province, and in combination with the actual work in our city.

I. General requirements

(1) Guiding ideology. Adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, thoroughly implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Plenary Sessions of the 19th Central Committee, conscientiously implement the important instructions of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader on Jiangsu’s work, implement the new development concept, focus on improving the quality of marine environment, and aim at building a "beautiful bay", strictly control the total amount of land-based pollutants discharged into the sea, promote the comprehensive management of the ecological environment in coastal waters and the construction of pollution prevention and control projects, and ensure that the quality of marine ecological environment in our city is stable and good.

(2) Basic principles

-Goal-oriented and quantitative reduction. By means of "increasing the pollutant discharge of new (renovated or expanded) construction projects", combining stock reduction with incremental control, and combining land pollution reduction with sea pollution reduction, we will guide coastal areas to implement pollution control and ecological restoration projects in coastal waters and promote the stable improvement of environmental quality in coastal waters.

-scientific planning and overall planning of land and sea. Comprehensive consideration should be given to the prevention and control of pollution in coastal waters and rivers entering the sea, and the land pollution reduction work should be fully connected to realize the integrated management of land and sea.

-act according to local conditions and treat both the symptoms and root causes. Taking solving the current outstanding environmental problems as the starting point, taking into account the long-term marine ecological safety and health, we will take effective measures to combine pollution control with ecological restoration, policy support with institutional innovation, and form a big pattern of joint management.

(3) Scope of application and main objectives. Scope of application: Guanyun County, guannan county, Ganyu District, Lianyun District and Xuwei New District. Main objectives: establish a "list-type" pollutant reduction mechanism, adopt measures such as comprehensive management of coastal waters and construction of pollution prevention projects according to local conditions, and continuously reduce the total amount of pollutants entering the sea. From 2021 to 2023, the total amount of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in Guanyun County will be reduced by 639 tons/year, 187 tons/year and 21 tons/year respectively. The total chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in guannan county were reduced by 541 tons/year, 159 tons/year and 15 tons/year, respectively, while those in Ganyu District were reduced by 665 tons/year, 195 tons/year and 19 tons/year, while those in Lianyun District were reduced by 44 tons/year and 44 tons/year respectively.

Second, promote green development and optimize the layout of coastal industries

(four) strict pollution discharge requirements for coastal industrial transfer projects. Coastal transfer industries should strictly implement the emission standards of their industries, and relevant counties (functional sectors) should actively support the upgrading of environmental protection facilities of industrial transfer projects. Encourage new coastal transfer projects to implement measures such as ecological purification of tail water to reduce the impact of pollutant discharge on the marine environment. (The Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment takes the lead, with the cooperation of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, the Bureau of Natural Resources, the Housing and Construction Bureau and the Water Conservancy Bureau, and the people’s governments of Guanyun County, guannan county, Ganyu District and Lianyun District, and the Xuwei New District Management Committee is responsible for the implementation. The following must be implemented by the people’s governments of coastal counties (districts) and the Xuwei New District Management Committee, and will not be listed)

(5) Improve the environmental access threshold for sea-related projects. Strictly implement the relevant provisions of industrial restructuring, formulate and implement the annual elimination plan for backward production capacity, and intensify the elimination of backward production capacity in key industries such as steel. (Led by the Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, coordinated by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Bureau of Ecological Environment)

Strictly implement the pollutant discharge permit system and implement the strictest water resources management system. The environmental impact assessment of new (modified, expanded) direct sea discharge projects follows the principle of "one increase and one decrease" to realize the equivalent replacement or reduction replacement of pollutants in the industry. (Led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, with the cooperation of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Bureau of Industry and Information Technology)

It is forbidden to build new chemical pulp and paper making, chemical industry, printing and dyeing, tanning, electroplating, brewing, oil refining, beach breaking and other industrial production projects that seriously pollute the marine environment in coastal land areas. Actively promote the construction of reclaimed water reuse projects in industrial enterprises. (Led by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Bureau of Ecology and Environment, and coordinated by the Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology)

Third, adhere to precise management and strengthen the prevention and control of water pollution in coastal areas

(6) Strengthening the prevention and control of industrial pollution in coastal areas. Accelerate the construction of sewage treatment plants in coastal industrial parks, and encourage the implementation of separation of clean water, rain and sewage for enterprises in industrial parks. Strict enterprise wastewater access standards to achieve classified monitoring and quality treatment of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. Promote the construction of "smart water", accelerate the integrated construction and operation of sewage treatment plants and sewage pipe networks, and improve the management level of factories and networks. Strictly implement the requirements of documents such as Jiangsu Chemical Industry Safety and Environmental Protection Improvement Plan (Su Ban [2019] No.96) and Jiangsu Chemical Industry Park (Concentrated Area) Environmental Treatment Project Implementation Opinions (Su Zhengban Fa [2019] No.15), and all chemical wastewater should be "separated from sewage and rain", adopting "one enterprise, one pipe, and clear management (one pipe) The park should support the construction of professional sewage treatment plants, and strictly control the access of non-chemical sewage outside the park. In principle, sewage treatment plants need to set up advanced oxidation and other enhanced treatment processes to improve the removal efficiency of refractory toxic and harmful pollutants. Before the end of 2021, on-line monitoring system and automatic discharge valve must be installed at the discharge outlets of rainwater and clean water in chemical enterprises, and rainwater and clean water can be discharged only after monitoring reaches the standard. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, with the cooperation of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, and the Housing and Construction Bureau)

(seven) to speed up the prevention and control of domestic pollution in coastal areas. Improve the urban and rural sewage collection pipe network in coastal areas. Promote the investigation of the coverage of pipe network construction in coastal counties (functional plates). For areas where the urban sewage pipe network coverage is not in place or blank, before the end of 2021, it is necessary to formulate a drainage pipe network construction plan and organize its implementation to eliminate the phenomenon of direct sewage discharge. Standardize drainage behavior, promote the transformation of urban rain and sewage diversion, improve the coverage of urban rain and sewage diversion pipe network, and improve the collection and disposal capacity of urban and rural domestic sewage. (led by the Municipal Housing and Construction Bureau, coordinated by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Water Conservancy Bureau and the Ecological Environment Bureau)

Vigorously promote urban sewage treatment in coastal areas to improve quality and efficiency. Coordinate the construction of regional sewage treatment capacity, and build decentralized sewage treatment facilities in areas where the pipe network is difficult to reach the designated position in a short period of time, so as to realize the matching between the total sewage treatment capacity and the regional sewage output as soon as possible. For sewage treatment plants with low influent concentration, a system investigation and remediation plan of "one plant, one policy" shall be formulated. Promote the recycling of urban sewage, speed up the construction of reclaimed water utilization facilities and recycling pipelines, and purify domestic sewage by reclaimed water process, and then reuse it for industrial production, municipal miscellaneous use and landscape environment after reaching the available water quality standards. According to local conditions, the purification and restoration of natural wetlands or constructed wetlands in the tail water of urban sewage centralized treatment plants will be implemented to further reduce the impact of pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus on water bodies. (led by the Municipal Housing and Construction Bureau, coordinated by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Ecological Environment Bureau)

Improve rural pollution control capacity. Accelerate the construction of rural sewage treatment facilities, implement decentralized sewage treatment facilities, improve the collection and treatment rate of rural domestic sewage, and achieve full coverage of sewage treatment facilities in administrative villages before the end of 2023. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, with the cooperation of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Housing and Construction Bureau)

Strengthen the infrastructure construction related to the rural domestic waste collection system, and realize the orderly collection and disposal of rural domestic waste. (led by the Municipal Urban Management Bureau, coordinated by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Housing and Construction Bureau and the Ecological Environment Bureau)

(8) Strengthening the control of agricultural pollution in coastal areas. Comprehensively promote agricultural cleaner production. Implement control measures such as blocking the process of farmland non-point source pollution. Establish a contiguous green agricultural pollution control zone, continue to promote the zero growth of pesticide and fertilizer use, implement soil testing and formula fertilization, promote the reduction of pesticide use, achieve a reduction of more than 3% by the end of 2023, and promote precision application and reduction control technology. In key water source protection areas, national and provincial examination sections, major rivers entering the sea, environmentally sensitive basins and large and medium-sized irrigation areas, interception, purification and reuse facilities should be configured to purify farmland drainage and surface runoff. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, coordinated by the Municipal Water Conservancy Bureau and the Bureau of Ecological Environment)

Scientifically optimize the layout of mariculture in coastal waters and strictly control the scale of regional aquaculture. Promote the implementation of mudflat planning in aquaculture waters. Before the end of 2021, formulate municipal-level aquaculture planning and scientifically delimit "no-breeding areas, limited-breeding areas and aquaculture areas". Strengthen the management of aquaculture production, standardize and orderly exit aquaculture in "no-breeding areas". Strictly implement the discharge standard of pond culture tail water, and popularize the discharge technology of seawater pond culture tail water that meets the standard. Strengthen the construction of coastal fishery infrastructure. Before the end of 2021, the main aquaculture producing counties (functional plates) will complete the preparation of ecological pond transformation plan, and before the end of 2023, the ecological pond transformation will be completed by more than 50,000 mu. Strengthen healthy aquaculture, scientifically regulate aquaculture density, promote excellent varieties, ecological healthy aquaculture technologies and models, and improve the level of green development of fisheries. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, coordinated by the Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources, the Water Conservancy Bureau and the Bureau of Ecological Environment)

Effectively strengthen the pollution control of livestock and poultry breeding. In accordance with the principle of "whoever delimits shall manage", the management of livestock and poultry breeding areas shall be strictly enforced, and the pollution treatment level of livestock and poultry farms shall be improved. New construction, renovation and expansion of large-scale livestock and poultry farms (communities) should implement rain and sewage diversion and waste water resource utilization. Encourage coastal areas to build centralized collection and disposal centers for livestock and poultry breeding pollutants in densely populated areas. In accordance with the principle of matching planting and breeding, we will encourage and guide farms to support waste disposal land, promote ecological and healthy breeding, and cultivate a number of production bases that combine planting and breeding and develop in an ecological cycle. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, coordinated by the Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources and the Bureau of Ecological Environment)

(nine) to promote the prevention and control of pollution in ships, ports and docks. Strengthen the prevention and control of pollutants from ships, and no ship or related operations may illegally discharge pollutants, wastes, ballast water, ship garbage and other toxic substances into the sea. We will promote the use of green shore power when ships dock, strictly implement the relevant requirements of emission control zones and global sulfur restrictions, and reduce pollutant emissions. Strengthen the capacity building of ship sewage collection and treatment, establish a sound wastewater collection and treatment system, and newly built ships should be equipped with recognized domestic sewage treatment devices or sewage collection cabinets that meet the requirements. (Led by the Municipal Transportation Bureau and Lianyungang Maritime Safety Administration, and coordinated by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment)

Establish and improve the pollutant receiving and treatment system for ports and docks of navigable rivers in coastal waters and coastal areas. Ports, docks and ship repair plants should be equipped with pollutant receiving facilities that are suitable for their types of loading and unloading goods, throughput capacity or ship building capacity, improve the regional sewage pipe network and garbage transfer service system, and improve the receiving and disposal capacity of oily wastewater and chemical tank washing water. (Led by the Municipal Transportation Bureau and Lianyungang Maritime Safety Administration, and coordinated by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment)

(ten) to promote the pilot construction of the "green island" project in coastal areas. Accelerate the pilot construction of industrial green islands, agricultural green islands and service green islands in relevant counties and districts, and improve the storage rate of green island projects. Through government participation and diversified investment, supporting the construction of environmental protection public infrastructure with coastal characteristics that can be shared by multiple market players will realize the unified collection, centralized treatment and stable discharge of pollutants by small and medium-sized industrial enterprises, livestock and poultry farmers and aquaculture farmers. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment and the Finance Bureau, and coordinated by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the Transportation Bureau)

Fourth, deepen the overall planning of land and sea, and promote the systematic management of rivers entering the sea

(eleven) to carry out comprehensive improvement of rivers into the sea. Adhere to the "land and sea planning, river and sea consideration" and strictly control the total amount of sewage discharged into the sea. We will comprehensively improve the water environment of rivers entering the sea, and carry out measures such as investigation and rectification of sewage outlets entering the river, pollution control and interception, ecological restoration of rivers, and construction of ecological buffer zones to ensure the stable water quality of rivers entering the sea. Optimize the dispatching of dams and dams, implement ecological dredging projects, dredge the polluted sediment in rivers, treat and dispose the dredged sediment safely, and reduce the discharge of sediment pollutants. Before the end of 2021, comprehensively establish a drainage registration system for rivers and dams entering the sea. (led by the Municipal Water Conservancy Bureau and the Bureau of Ecology and Environment, and coordinated by the Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources and the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)

(twelve) to promote the investigation and rectification of the discharge port into the sea. According to the filing situation of sewage outlets, the environmental quality discharged into the water body and the daily management requirements, for the sewage outlets that have been investigated and confirmed, a "one-bite, one-policy" source remediation work plan is put forward, and classified remediation is carried out according to the principle of "banning a batch, rectifying a batch and standardizing a batch". Refine and decompose the objectives and tasks of remediation, and promote the monitoring and traceability of sewage outlets into the sea and standardize the remediation work. Nature reserves, important fishery waters, coastal scenic spots and other areas that need special protection shall not build new sewage outlets; In areas where conditions permit, sewage outlets should be set in the deep sea and discharged offshore. In-depth monitoring of water quality and quantity of sewage outfalls into the sea will be carried out. On the basis of investigation and monitoring, traceability analysis of sewage outfalls into the sea will be carried out to find out the source of sewage. Before the end of 2021, the monitoring and traceability of sewage outfalls into the sea in the whole city will be completed. Implement the sewage outfall remediation project, and reduce pollutants into the sea by improving the discharge standard of direct wastewater, plugging illegal sewage outfalls, intercepting sewage pipes and other measures. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, with the cooperation of the Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources, the Water Conservancy Bureau, the Agriculture and Rural Bureau, the Housing and Construction Bureau and the Transportation Bureau)

Five, build a beautiful bay, repair the coastal ecosystem.

(thirteen) to promote the construction of beautiful bay. In-depth development of coastal greening, ecological corridor construction, implementation of water pollution control, comprehensive environmental improvement, ecological restoration and reconstruction, biological resources conservation and landscape improvement and other measures to promote the comprehensive management of beautiful bays. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, with the cooperation of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Bureau of Natural Resources, the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the Water Conservancy Bureau)

In accordance with the principle of territorial management, we will promote the supervision of marine and beach garbage within our jurisdiction to create a clean beach sea surface. (led by the Municipal Urban Management Bureau and the Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, and coordinated by the Municipal Natural Resources Bureau, the Water Conservancy Bureau, the Ecological Environment Bureau and the Wenguang Tourism Bureau)

Strictly delimit the ecological buffer zone, standardize the planting and breeding behavior in the buffer zone, and gradually realize returning the sea to the scenery and the sea to the people. Establish a benign and orderly development model between wetlands and cities, standardize eco-tourism activities in coastal nature reserves, and create a number of bay landscape belts with beautiful ecology, livable and suitable for traveling. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment and the Bureau of Natural Resources, and coordinated by the Municipal Housing and Construction Bureau, the Water Conservancy Bureau and the Agriculture and Rural Bureau)

(fourteen) to strengthen the restoration and protection of coastal wetlands. Strengthen the protection of coastal wetlands, take measures such as wetland enclosure protection, ecological water replenishment, restoration and reconstruction of biological habitats, and improve the ecological quality and ecological function of coastal wetlands. Implement coastal wetland ecological protection and restoration projects, and implement ecological restoration and risk prevention measures for key sea areas and coastal reclamation, tunnels, ports and docks, and sea areas near Lingang Industrial Park; Implement the proliferation and release of aquatic organisms and strengthen the protection of important aquatic organisms in "three fields and one channel" (spawning ground, feeding ground, wintering ground and migration channel). Strictly implement the relevant provisions of the Notice of the State Council on Strengthening the Protection of Coastal Wetlands and Strictly Controlling Reclamation (Guo Fa [2018] No.24), implement the strictest control over reclamation and shoreline development, and make overall arrangements for marine space utilization activities. Except for major national strategic projects, the approval of new reclamation projects will be completely stopped. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources and Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and coordinated by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment and the Transportation Bureau)

(fifteen) the protection of estuaries and bays ecosystem. We will carry out the restoration of degraded wetlands in important estuaries, gradually implement the construction of ecological wetlands in estuaries and bays, and accelerate the restoration and construction of estuaries and wetlands in major rivers entering the sea. At the estuaries of important rivers, ecological buffer zones should be constructed by building ecological shorelines, constructing shoal wetlands, returning fishing (fields) to moisture, and planting pollution-resistant plants to improve the ecological environment carrying capacity. (The Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources and the Water Conservancy Bureau take the lead, and the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment and the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs cooperate)

Vi. Preventing environmental risks and strengthening capacity building in coastal areas

(sixteen) to strengthen the prevention and control of environmental risks in coastal waters. We will promote the mechanism of investigation and regular inspection of sea-related risk sources. Before the end of 2022, we will compile and complete the emergency plan for sea-related environmental risks, and clarify the regional marine risk factors and major disaster-causing factors. Implement the pollution emergency disposal responsibilities of relevant ports, docks, loading and unloading stations and units and enterprises engaged in ship repair and dismantling, and establish an oil spill emergency joint prevention and control system according to the actual situation of port enterprises. The port will focus on the construction of special oil and chemical terminals, equipped with corresponding emergency prevention facilities and set up emergency teams. (led by Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Transportation Bureau and Lianyungang Maritime Bureau, with the cooperation of Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Emergency Bureau, Natural Resources Bureau and Agriculture and Rural Bureau)

(seventeen) to promote the construction of water environment monitoring capacity in coastal waters. Improve the marine environmental monitoring system at the city and county levels, establish and improve the automatic monitoring system for water environment in coastal waters, build new automatic monitoring stations at key sections of rivers entering the sea and key estuaries, and establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for estuaries entering the sea. Strengthen the monitoring of hydrology and water quality in coastal waters, as well as the capacity building of monitoring and early warning of toxic and harmful substances, persistent pollutants and aquatic organisms in the water environment, continue to promote the remote sensing monitoring of Enteromorpha green tide, and prevent risks such as marine ecological invasion and seawater eutrophication. Promote the construction of "smart water environment" in coastal waters and realize the whole process control and intelligent management. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment and the Bureau of Natural Resources, with the cooperation of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission and the Finance Bureau)

(eighteen) strict early warning and monitoring of direct discharge pollution sources. Focus on the investigation and monitoring of pollution sources discharged directly into the sea, build a sound coastal monitoring and early warning system, establish an early warning platform for environmental supervision of sea-related enterprises before the end of 2022, and actively promote the research on automatic monitoring technology of characteristic pollutants. Encourage coastal key parks, key industries and key enterprises to install online automatic monitoring systems with characteristic pollutant monitoring functions in direct sea discharge projects to meet the requirements of real-time monitoring and timely warning. Strengthen the supervision, monitoring and management of offshore enterprises. Improve the early warning mechanism of environmental management and realize the implementation of all relevant units at different levels. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, with the cooperation of the Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, the Bureau of Natural Resources and the Transportation Bureau)

Seven, strict responsibility implementation, improve the coastal management and control system and mechanism.

(nineteen) innovation of marine environmental management system. Actively participate in the study of local standard system in estuaries and bays and the formulation of seawater quality standards for total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and promote the convergence of surface water and seawater quality evaluation systems. Strictly implement the Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Compensation for the Loss of Marine Living Resources (Lian Zheng Ban Fa [2017] No.155), strengthen the disposal of problems left over from the history of reclamation, establish the concept of paid use of marine environmental resources, and let sea users fulfill their responsibilities for paid use of marine environmental resources, and gradually promote the research on the mechanism of paid use of marine resources. Compensation for marine protection will be made through ecological reconstruction of shallow seabed, comprehensive management of bays, restoration of estuarine habitats, restoration of high-quality shoreline, breeding and release, capacity building of marine ecological environment monitoring, and research on marine ecological environment protection, so as to guide social capital to participate in marine ecological protection construction. Promote the construction of marine garbage cleaning system. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, the Bureau of Natural Resources and the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and coordinated by the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Finance Bureau and the Urban Management Bureau)

(twenty) to strengthen the organization and coordination and implementation of security. The municipal government makes overall planning, the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment takes the lead, and the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, the Bureau of Natural Resources, the Housing and Construction Bureau, the Transportation Bureau, the Water Resources Bureau, the Agriculture and Rural Bureau, the Urban Management Bureau, the maritime affairs and marine police departments cooperate closely, and the relevant counties, districts and administrative committees implement the control objectives. Strictly implement the principle of "Party and government share the same responsibility, one post and two responsibilities", and give full play to the role of the local government as the first responsible person for pollutant reduction. Relevant counties, districts and administrative committees shall formulate annual implementation plans according to municipal plans, clarify the departments responsible for each task, and relevant functional departments shall earnestly perform their duties, strengthen coordination and linkage among departments, build a big pattern of joint management, rationally arrange funds, clarify the division of powers, and increase the guidance on the use of financial funds. Using the adaptive management model for reference, through supervision, monitoring, evaluation and other means, regularly analyze and evaluate the implementation effect of the scheme, and further optimize the objectives and measures in the process of exploration. We will actively guide enterprises and social funds to participate in pollution control projects in coastal waters by means of cooperation between government and social funds, and improve the enthusiasm of investment in pollution control. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, with the cooperation of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, the Bureau of Finance, the Bureau of Natural Resources, and the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)

(twenty-one) to strengthen environmental supervision and management in coastal waters. Improve the environmental supervision mechanism in coastal waters and improve the division of responsibilities for marine environmental protection. Make up the shortcomings of Qi Haiyang’s environmental law enforcement and supervision system, strengthen the capacity building of environmental protection supervision and law enforcement in coastal waters, and improve the quality of law enforcement team. Strictly implement the "bay head system", actively innovate the working methods, incorporate the supervision of pollutant discharge in coastal waters into the scope of the duties of the bay head, and do a good job in supervising and implementing the annual tasks. Promote the disclosure of environmental information, strengthen publicity and interpretation and public opinion guidance, and improve the sense of responsibility and participation in marine environmental protection in the whole society. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment and Lianyungang Marine Police, with the cooperation of the Municipal Bureau of Natural Resources, the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Transportation Bureau and Lianyungang Maritime Bureau)

(twenty-two) strict environmental law enforcement and assessment accountability. Insist on pollution control with an iron fist, strengthen the main responsibility of polluters, and investigate and deal with illegal pollution discharge according to the relevant provisions of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Marine Environmental Protection, by means of continuous daily punishment, seizure, limited production and production, and transfer to administrative detention. Suspected of environmental pollution crimes, promptly transferred to the public security organs. Intensify cross-regional joint law enforcement and form a joint force to overcome difficulties. To strengthen the assessment of pollutant reduction, the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment will assess the completion of the reduction targets of major water pollutants in coastal waters, and strictly implement regional approval restrictions for areas that have not completed the annual reduction targets. (led by the Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Lianyungang Marine Police and Lianyungang Maritime Bureau, with the cooperation of the Municipal Public Security Bureau)

Related reading:Policy Interpretation of "Three-year Action Plan for Pollutant Reduction and Water Quality Improvement in Lianyungang Coastal Area"

　　Intelligent networked automobile industry ushered in heavy standards.

　　On May 5th, according to the website of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the First Division of Equipment Industry of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology organized the National Technical Committee for Automobile Standardization to carry out the compilation and revision of four mandatory national standards, such as Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security and Intelligent Networked Auto-driving Data Recording System, which have formed a draft for comments, and are now open for comments from all walks of life.

　　At present, China’s intelligent networked vehicles have turned from small-scale testing and verification to a new stage of rapid technological development and accelerated ecological construction, and the introduction of relevant standards is of great significance. According to the data previously released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, in 2022, the sales of new intelligent networked passenger cars equipped with assisted autonomous driving systems in China reached 7 million, up 45.6% year-on-year, and the market penetration rate increased to 34.9%, up 11.4 percentage points from 2021. With the acceleration of automobile intelligent and networked transformation, it is urgent to manage automobile data security.

　　The Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security (Draft for Comment) mainly stipulates the requirements for vehicle information security management system, general requirements for vehicle information security, technical requirements for vehicle information security, audit evaluation and test verification methods.

　　For the information security of automobiles, one of the common concerns of consumers is that vehicles are remotely controlled and attacked. This document puts forward five requirements for "safety requirements for external connection of vehicles". It is mentioned that for third-party applications, automobile manufacturers should take protective measures for the installation and operation of their unauthorized third-party applications, such as prompting during installation, limiting their access rights, and preventing unauthorized third-party applications from accessing resource allocation, key parameters, important data, etc. of vehicle systems.

　　For external interfaces, access control should be carried out for files in USB port access devices, and only files with specified format can be read and written or application software with specified signature can be installed or executed. It should have the ability to identify virus programs or virus-carrying media files/application software in USB port access devices and prohibit installation. When writing operation requests for vehicle key parameters through diagnostic interfaces, security policies such as identity identification and access control should be carried out.

　　In addition, for the data code, the document clearly States that,Vehicles should adopt safety defense mechanism to protect the key data stored in the vehicle.To prevent it from being deleted and modified without authorization.

　　For the development of autonomous driving, people in the industry have long called for "legislation first" and "standards first". The "Intelligent Networked Auto-driving Data Recording System" (draft for comments) issued this time stipulates the technical requirements and test methods of the intelligent Networked Auto-driving Data Recording System.

　　It is worth noting that this document is applicable to vehicles with level 3 or above driving automation function and automatic driving data recording system. Level 3 driving automation is conditional automatic driving. The system continuously performs all dynamic driving tasks under its designed operating conditions. Drivers can leave the steering wheel, but they still need to participate in driving under certain conditions. At present, the mainstream intelligent electric passenger cars are all two-level driving automation, that is, assisted driving.

　　"Intelligent networked automobile automatic driving data recording system" (draft for comment) stipulates that,The automatic driving data recording system should record five types of data elements: basic information of vehicles and automatic driving data recording system, vehicle state and dynamic information, automatic driving system operation information, driving environment information and driver operation and state information..

　　As for the data element of "driver’s operation and status information", the document requires that the driver’s ability to take over, whether the driver wears a seat belt, whether the driver is in the driving position, the opening of the accelerator pedal, the opening of the brake pedal, the status of the brake pedal, the steering wheel angle and the steering torque be recorded. Wherein if the calibrated effective opening range of the accelerator pedal and the brake pedal is less than 0 to 100,The upper limit of the effective opening of the brake pedal can be taken as the upper limit of the minimum data recording ability range..

　　In addition, for information security, the document also proposes that the data recorded by the autopilot data recording system is mainly used for responsibility judgment and accident analysis after the accident, so whether the data has not been tampered with and has basic credibility plays an important role in determining whether the data is available, because this standard puts forward baseline requirements for the information security of the autopilot data recording system.Ensure the integrity and authenticity of recorded data, so as to prevent tampering, malicious deletion and forgery of data. When the integrity and authenticity of data are damaged, it should be able to identify and log it by technical means..

　　CCTV News:The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology recently reported the construction of gigabit cities in 2022. By the end of October 2022, a total of 110 cities in China had reached the standard of mega-city construction and completed the summary and evaluation work, accounting for about one-third of all prefecture-level cities. Among them, 29 gigacities will be built in 2021 and 81 gigacities will be built in 2022. In terms of regional distribution, 41 gigacities have been built in the eastern region, 29 gigacities in the central region and 40 gigacities in the western region.

　　Bulletin on the Construction of Gigabit Cities in 2022

　　Communication Letter No.327 [2022] of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

　　Communications administrations of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, departments in charge of big data industry, departments in charge of industry and information technology of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and all relevant units:

　　In order to implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, in accordance with the requirements of the "Double Gigabit Network Collaborative Development Action Plan (2021-2023)", our department has launched the action of building a Gigabit city, and all localities have accelerated organizational construction. The relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have taken the lead in conducting audit and evaluation, and vigorously promoted the "Double Gigabit" network construction, application innovation and industrial development. There are 110 cities in China that have reached the standard of mega-city construction (including 29 in 2021 and 81 in 2022) and completed the summary and evaluation of mega-cities.

　　Now, the completion of key indicators of each gigabit city (Annex 1) and typical practices (Annex 2) will be notified. Local communications administrations should, jointly with relevant departments and enterprises, thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, actively organize the exchange and study of experience in the construction of Gigabit cities, continuously consolidate the construction achievements, accelerate the improvement of the application level of "double Gigabit" network construction, promote the construction of a modern infrastructure system, and contribute to accelerating the construction of a network power and a digital China and promoting high-quality economic and social development.

　　Attachment: 1. Summary of Key Indicators of Gigabit City 2. General Situation and Typical Practices of Gigabit City Construction General Office of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

　　December 18, 2022

　　Annex 1

　　Summary of Key Indicators of Gigabit Cities

　　General situation and typical practices of gigabit city construction

　　I. General situation

　　By the end of October 2022, a total of 110 cities in China had reached the standard of mega-city construction and completed the summary and evaluation work, accounting for about one-third of all prefecture-level cities. Among them, 29 gigacities will be built in 2021 and 81 gigacities will be built in 2022. In terms of regional distribution, 41 gigacities have been built in the eastern region, 29 gigacities in the central region and 40 gigacities in the western region.

　　Second, the key indicators

　　(A) "Double Gigabit" network construction

　　By the end of October, 2022, the average coverage rate of urban family gigabit optical network in China’s gigabit cities exceeded 100%, achieving full coverage of urban family gigabit optical network. The average number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people in gigabit cities is 22.2, which is higher than the national average (15.7/10,000 people). Among them, the first batch of gigabit cities has an average of 25.8/10,000 people, and the second batch has an average of 19.1/10,000 people. The average proportion of 10G-PON ports in gigabit cities reached 46.7%, which was higher than the national average (32.1%), among which the first batch of gigabit cities reached 52.9% on average and the second batch reached 40.8% on average.

　　(B) "Double Gigabit" user development

　　By the end of October, 2022, the average proportion of users with 500Mbps and above in China’s gigabit cities reached 32.6%, which was higher than the national average (24.8%), among which, the first batch of gigabit cities reached 34.5% on average and the second batch reached 30.9% on average. The average proportion of 5G users in gigabit cities reached 38.9%, which was higher than the national average (31.1%). Among them, the first batch of gigabit cities reached an average of 38.3%, and the second batch of gigabit cities reached an average of 39.5%.

　　(III) Coverage of 5G networks in key places

　　Gigabit cities are municipal public hospitals (above Grade III), key universities, key areas of cultural tourism, and key places such as railway stations (above Grade II), trunk airports and key roads that offer passenger transport services. The access rate of 5G networks is over 80%, and the signal level of 5G networks and other indicators meet the relevant construction standards, among which the access rate of 5G in 84 key places in cities reaches 100%.

　　(D) "Double Gigabit" application innovation

　　Gigabit cities have vigorously promoted the integrated application of new technologies such as 5G and Gigabit optical networks in the fields of information consumption, vertical industries, people’s livelihood, digital government, etc., and actively explored the construction scheme and business model of "double Gigabit" network collaborative deployment, bringing digital changes in management and production methods for the development of local characteristic industries and traditional enterprises. Many projects won the national awards of "Blooming Cup" 5G application solicitation competition and "Guanghua Cup" Gigabit optical network application innovation competition. Jiangsu Nantong University Affiliated Hospital has built a "double Gigabit" intelligent operating room, realizing the application of Gigabit optical network+operating room environmental equipment, Gigabit optical network +VR remote surgery teaching, Gigabit optical network+remote diagnosis live broadcast, and reducing the cost of a single operating room from 3 million yuan to 1.5 million yuan, saving construction cost by 50%. Guangdong Foshan Chuangxing Precision Manufacturing Co., Ltd. built a production intranet based on the "Double Gigabit" network, which can simultaneously adapt to multiple application scenarios such as intelligent scheduling, intelligent warehouse management and accurate workpiece positioning. The product yield increased by 16%, the material preparation cost decreased by 12 times, and the labor cost decreased by 38.6%. The application of "Double Gigabit" smart mine in Panzhihua Pangang Group Mining Company of Sichuan Province has realized the application of remote control of open-pit mining equipment and real-time monitoring of high-definition video of operation scenes, and the annual income of application can reach one-third of the construction cost.

　　Iii. Policy support

　　Gigabit cities focus on the difficulties and pain points in the construction and application of "double Gigabit" networks in the region, continue to increase policy support, cultivate market demand, guide various market players to exert their joint efforts and actively participate in the construction of Gigabit cities, and a number of typical practices with demonstration effects have emerged.

　　(A) Optimize the "Double Gigabit" network construction environment

　　Some gigabit cities have formulated special plans for communication infrastructure, which have been incorporated into the land and space planning at the same level. Ya ‘an, Sichuan, Luoyang, Henan, Taizhou, Jiangsu, etc. listed the Communication Development Management Office as a member of the Municipal Land and Resources Planning Committee, participated in the municipal land and resources planning, and implemented special plans such as optical fiber network construction planning and 5G station site planning in the overall urban planning and regulatory detailed planning.

　　Some Gigabit cities have strengthened the open sharing of public resources, facilitating the construction of "double Gigabit" networks. Wenzhou, Zhejiang, Dezhou, Shandong, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, etc., establish a public resource open contact system, and open up social resources such as lampposts, monitoring poles and road signs owned by government agencies, institutions and state-owned enterprises free of charge; Nanyang, Henan Province, coordinates and solves difficult station sites, and promotes the unconditional and free opening of public places such as highways, airports, railway stations, high-speed railway station, large venues and scenic spots to the construction of 5G base stations; Guiyang, Guizhou strictly regulates the types of fees, and promotes the management units in residential quarters, commercial buildings and other places to provide access convenience for the construction of communication facilities. It is forbidden to collect unreasonable fees such as entrance fees, coordination fees and apportionment fees under various pretexts.

　　In some mega-cities, when examining and approving municipal projects such as parks, roads and buildings, optical fiber pipelines (poles) and base station sites are included in the design review and completion acceptance of building schemes. Ganzhou, Jiangxi, Yichang, Hubei, Yinchuan, Ningxia, etc. will incorporate the construction of communication facilities into the joint drawing review and joint acceptance of new construction, municipal administration, transportation and other projects; In the renovation project of old residential areas and buildings in xiong’an new area, Hebei Province, the construction of optical fiber network was included in the project construction approval management system.

　　(B) reduce the "double Gigabit" network construction costs.

　　Some gigabit cities provide electricity security for communication facilities such as 5G, reduce electricity costs, and strictly regulate the types of charges. In Weihai, Shandong Province, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, and other deployment areas, the power supply entities of 5G base stations will carry out self-examination and self-correction, and organize market supervision departments to investigate and deal with illegal electricity price increases, electricity charges and other price violations by the power supply entities; Qinzhou, Guangxi, implements fine management of electricity cost, and reduces the network electricity fee of each carrier frequency through the strategy of "one pressure, two changes and three reductions" (one pressure means to reduce the electricity price, the second change means to transform and change the C-RAN into a straight one, and the third reduction means to reduce capacity and combine cabinets, save energy and reduce emissions, and intelligently shut down and save energy).

　　Some gigabit cities provide financial subsidies in the construction, operation and maintenance of "double gigabit" networks. Xiamen, Fujian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, etc. give each household about 100 yuan subsidies for newly upgraded home broadband users and newly upgraded FTTR users of basic telecommunications enterprises, and give special awards to the winning projects of "Guanghua Cup" application innovation competition; Qingdao, Shandong, yingtan, Jiangxi and Jiuquan, Gansu arranged special funds to support the construction and upgrading of 10G-PON ports, Gigabit optical cats and 5G base stations.

　　Some gigabit cities have strictly implemented compensation policies for the relocation or damage of telecommunications facilities caused by municipal construction, land acquisition and demolition. Zhengzhou, Henan Province, provided funds for the communication transformation of overhead lines, communication transformation of old communities, subway construction and other engineering projects and put them in place in time; Lianyungang, Jiangsu, compensated the mobile base station site, pole road and pipeline, and the amount of compensation accounted for more than 25% of the expenses needed for restoration and construction.

　　(C) to strengthen the "double Gigabit" network construction organization and guarantee

　　Some gigabit cities have established a multi-departmental joint working mechanism led by the main leaders of the municipal government or relevant departments, and incorporated the key indicators of "double gigabit" into the important assessment contents of all districts, counties and departments. Jiaxing, Zhejiang, Yulin, Shaanxi, Dongying, Shandong, etc. set up a 5G network construction leading group headed by the main leaders of the municipal government to coordinate and dispatch the city’s 5G development; Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province established a joint meeting mechanism for 5G construction and application work, and included key indicators of "double gigabit" construction such as 5G base stations and broadband download rates into the assessment of high-quality development of cities and counties; Chongqing Yubei will incorporate the construction and application of 5G into the annual assessment of various departments, towns and streets.

　　Some gigabit cities have established key supervision mechanisms for difficult station sites, public facilities opening, and power approval. Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province supervises all districts, counties and departments to give key protection to the "double gigabit" network construction in terms of land, power connection, energy consumption indicators, municipal facilities and other resource elements; Sanya, Hainan has listed the construction of Gigabit city as the key supervision item of the municipal government, and promoted the construction of "double Gigabit" network with a series of measures such as "special work class", "financial subsidy" and "list of problems".

　　In addition, mega cities such as Hefei, Anhui, Karamay, Xinjiang and Yibin, Sichuan actively innovate ways and means, and give strong support to the development of "Double Gigabit" network from the aspects of talent introduction, characteristic application and popular science propaganda.

Mavis Fan
　

　　　 In the late 1970s, corduroy high heels and Teresa Teng began to appear in a small area in Chinese mainland on the background color of blue blouses. In Taiwan Province, across the Taiwan Strait, campus folk song movements and literary societies are in full swing. Following the development trend of western pop culture, Hong Kong has become the fashion center of Asia.

　　　 Mavis Fan, born in the 1970s, is also one of the representative figures who inherited the characteristics of this era. When she became the most popular as a "cute girl idol", she suddenly changed herself, fell in love with tattooing and piercing, refused to play a naive child, and shaved her long hair into inch plate. After that, Mavis Fan experienced the gap between fame and fortune, resisted the attack of depression and set up her own record company. Recently, she even played opposite Zhou Xun in Tsui Hark’s film flying swords of dragon gate. In-depth dialogue reveals the inner drama of this returning celebrity, and shows her unique sexiness with a group of amazing retro fashion blockbusters.

More wonderful pictures on the next page

[Editor’s note]

It’s the flu season again, and you are surrounded by "pathogens". Have you been recruited recently? This old article in RUC News Workshop will help us understand the flu cases and their harm at this time last year. In order to avoid the recurrence of the tragedy in the article "Middle-aged Beijing with Influenza", how should we deal with the menacing flu virus?

Zhang Li, a student at a university in Beijing, recalled that the day before she got the flu, "she changed into a light down jacket without a hat, and everything else was the same as usual." The next morning, Zhang Li felt very tired. She took a temperature of 38.7℃ and had a low fever. She took a cold medicine and fell asleep. By 7 o’clock in the evening, Zhang Li felt cold, weak, slightly tinnitus, and her temperature had soared to 39.8℃, so she quickly took a taxi with her friends to the hospital and hung up the emergency room. The emergency hall was crowded that night, and Zhang Li waited for a long time before she heard the nurse give her number.

In fact, the emergency rooms of many hospitals were overcrowded that night, and most of the patients were diagnosed with the flu. According to the data of China CDC, since the winter of 2017, the level of influenza activity in China has risen rapidly, and the number of patients in respiratory departments in many hospitals across the country has suddenly increased, even overloaded.

After winter, respiratory departments in many hospitals across the country are overloaded.

Zhong Shijie, director of the Department of Health Care of Guangzhou Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said that since December 2017, the number of patients has increased by 20-30% than usual, and there are more than 3,000 cold patients who come to the hospital every day, accounting for about 30% of the number of outpatients.

Since December 2017, the emergency department of Hunan Children’s Hospital has received more than 1,000 consultations every day, and more than 80% of them are upper respiratory tract infections.

According to the results of influenza surveillance in China CDC, in the first week of 2018, the percentage of influenza-like cases in the southern provinces of China in the total number of outpatient and emergency cases (ILI%) was 6.0%, which was higher than the same period in 2015-2017.

The influenza epidemic situation in southern provinces showed a downward turning point in the third week of January 2018, and then the level of influenza activity in the whole country continued to decline.

Source: China CDC.

Source: China CDC.

Source: China CDC.

Source: China CDC.

Source: National Health Planning Commission

Source: National Health Planning Commission

So what’s the situation abroad?

According to CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; According to the data of Centres for disease and prevention, as of December 15, 2017, 150.3 million doses of influenza vaccine have been distributed in the United States, and it is expected to reach 166 million doses in the whole flu season from 2017 to 2018. In 2017, the vaccination rate of the whole population in the United States was 38.6%, including 38.8% of children and adolescents and 38.5% of adults. In other words, China’s current influenza vaccination rate is only 1/20 of that of the United States, which is equivalent to the vaccination level of the United States in the early 1980s. In contrast, with the gradual improvement of domestic economic conditions and the gradual increase of medical and health investment, there is still huge room for improvement in influenza vaccination rate in China.

Source: CDC, USA.

Source: CDC, USA.

The use of influenza vaccine has bottomed out and the vaccine production is facing challenges.

At present, the global vaccine supply is facing uneven geographical distribution and insufficient production. 90% of the global influenza vaccine production capacity is concentrated in some countries in Europe and North America, and their population accounts for only 10% of the global population, and the maximum vaccine production can not meet the expected demand of the World Health Organization’s strategic action plan to deal with pandemic influenza.

As for the domestic vaccine market, before that, there were trivalent influenza vaccines (including two kinds of influenza A and one kind of influenza B) in the domestic market, and then National Medical Products Administration approved the application for production registration of tetravalent influenza virus split vaccine. The tetravalent influenza virus split vaccine approved for marketing this time contains not only the virus of common trivalent influenza vaccine, but also BY influenza virus, which is also the main virus strain prevalent in China’s influenza season in 2017-2018.

In 2009-2010, affected by the outbreak of influenza A, the number of batches of domestic influenza vaccines reached a peak of more than 60 million, and then began to fall back and stabilize at 30-40 million. On the one hand, the influenza epidemic was controlled, and on the other hand, the influenza virus was mutating every year. Every year, the vaccines were developed for the prevalent strains of that year, which caused the research and development of manufacturers to lag behind. Coupled with the influence of the new GMP standard, the number of batches of domestic influenza vaccines showed a trend.

In 2017, more than 29 million influenza vaccines were issued nationwide, an increase of more than 4 million compared with 2016, with a year-on-year increase of nearly 20%. In 2017, with the outbreak of the epidemic and the enhancement of people’s awareness of vaccination, influenza vaccines have bottomed out.

Source: clove garden "Insight database"

According to the World Health Organization, the current vaccine market faces three challenges: to produce enough high-quality vaccines in a short period of time to meet global demand after the start of the pandemic; To provide fair access to vaccines; And to ensure that there is sufficient capacity to deliver vaccines to all communities.

In cooperation with representatives of major stakeholders in the field of influenza vaccine and immunization, the World Health Organization adopted the Global Influenza Vaccine Action Plan in 2006 to meet these challenges. At another meeting held in May 2006, the World Health Organization formulated a global action plan to increase the supply of pandemic influenza vaccine. Participants called for better development of vaccine production capacity in developing countries, especially for developing countries that are currently building vaccine production facilities.

Aiming at the population coverage of the World Health Organization, increasing the use of seasonal influenza vaccine is undoubtedly the most effective way to increase the production of pandemic influenza vaccine. However, it may take four to five years to achieve a significant increase in vaccine production through this approach.

A week later, Zhang Li finally recovered from the flu. However, not everyone is as lucky as her in this fierce and worst flu storm in ten years. At the end of 2017, the article "Middle-aged Beijing under the Flu", which exploded the circle of friends, told a story: a 60-year-old tough-hearted father-in-law in Northeast China, because he didn’t listen to his children’s advice, didn’t wear a shirt to open the window and caught a cold, and went his own way and didn’t seek medical treatment in time. Twenty-nine days after the onset of the disease, he was infected by an unknown virus caused by a cold. Even though he spent 1 million yuan in the ICU ward of a third-class hospital in Beijing, he was not saved.

Similar tragedies have something to do with our contempt for the flu. How to face up to the possible harm of influenza and take a series of preventive measures for this is a problem that we should pay attention to.

This article is an exclusive manuscript, please indicate the source "RUC News Square", the author’s name and "from The Paper Paike Channel".

　　Xinhuanet Beijing, March 12 (Reporter cares about intern Xu Shutong) In the new era, the reform of China’s medical and health system has been steadily advanced, the level of basic medical insurance and serious illness insurance has been improved, the scope of direct settlement of medical treatment across provinces and places has been expanded, the construction of general practitioners has been strengthened, and maternal and child health care services have been improved. Support the inheritance and development of Chinese medicine … The strategy of promoting a healthy China has been included in this year’s government work report as the key work to improve security and improve people’s livelihood. In the interview of the two sessions of Xinhuanet in 2018, graded diagnosis and treatment, training of grassroots doctors, digital medical care, and "preventing diseases" … these are all hot topics for the deputies. Let’s take a look.

　　Guo Yufen: Promoting the reform of strategic medical insurance payment in healthy China and promoting the supervision of medical behavior

??? On March 8, Guo Yufen, deputy to the National People’s Congress, director of the Health and Family Planning Commission of Gansu Province and director of the Provincial Medical Reform Office, made a special interview with Xinhuanet in 2018. Xinhuanet photo by Yang Wei

　　Expensive and difficult medical treatment has long been a major problem in people’s livelihood in China. The government work report pointed out that to improve the level of basic medical insurance and serious illness insurance, the per capita financial subsidy standard for residents’ basic medical insurance will be increased by 40 yuan, and half of it will be used for serious illness insurance. Expand the scope of direct settlement of medical treatment across provinces and different places, and include all grassroots hospitals, migrant workers and foreign employment entrepreneurs.

　　In this regard, Guo Yufen, deputy to the National People’s Congress, director of the Health and Family Planning Commission of Gansu Province and director of the Provincial Medical Reform Office, said that in view of the problem that some poor people look down on illness, Gansu has strengthened the government’s all-out guarantee. For the compliance medical expenses of the poor people who have set up a file, in addition to basic medical insurance reimbursement and serious illness reimbursement, a serious illness reimbursement policy has also been introduced. Together with medical assistance, the accumulated people only pay 3,000 yuan each year, and the rest is guaranteed by the policy. Click details > > >

　　Yan wang: It is necessary to establish a compensation mechanism to promote the healthy China strategy and strengthen the graded referral of physician education and training.

??? On March 11th, yan wang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and chief physician of Orthopaedics Department of General Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, made a special interview with Xinhuanet in 2018. Xinhuanet Guo Xiaotian photo

??? For a long time, the ability of primary doctors, especially those in remote areas, has been widely concerned. How to retain doctors in remote areas? Let the graded referral achieve better results? Yan wang, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and chief physician of the Department of Orthopaedics of the General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, said that physician education is very important. For the most basic and remote grassroots doctors, they should be trained "short and fast" to return to the grassroots level and serve the grassroots people; Standardized training should be carried out for the majority of intermediate doctors, so that the established graded referral can achieve better results. The state has put forward a graded diagnosis and treatment system, and this policy is very good. However, to really do a good job in graded referral, some things still need to be gradually improved. The first and most important thing is to have qualified doctors. Click details > > >

　　Tang Jinhai: Promoting Healthy China Strategy and Paying Attention to the Construction and Training of General Practitioners at the Grass-roots Level.

??? On March 8, Tang Jinhai, deputy of the National People’s Congress and president of jiangsu province hospital, made a special interview with Xinhuanet in 2018. Xinhuanet Tang Yang photo

　　How does Jiangsu promote the construction and training of general practitioners? Tang Jinhai, deputy to the National People’s Congress and president of jiangsu province hospital, said that we should attach importance to and respect general practitioners and mobilize their enthusiasm to serve at the grassroots level.

　　"General practitioners working in primary medical institutions are the closest health" gatekeepers "to the masses, the first pass for the masses to see a doctor, and an important part of promoting the graded diagnosis and treatment system. Our training for general practitioners is very strict and requires them to make more efforts, so we should attach importance to and respect general practitioners. " Tang Jinhai said. Click details > > >

　　Wang Xiaochuan: Promoting Healthy China Strategy and Solving the "Last Mile" of Inclusive Medical Care with Digital Family Doctors

??? Special Interview with Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Sogou CEO Wang Xiaochuan at Xinhuanet 2018 National People’s Congress. Xinhuanet Li Xiangbo photo

　　"Strengthening the construction of national innovation system" appeared in the Government Work Report. Science and technology and innovation have always been the core of the medical field, and Internet+medical care has gradually begun to enter people’s lives. Committee member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Sogou CEO Wang Xiaochuan called for combining medical institutions with the Internet, establishing digital family doctors, and providing information services to patients at an early stage, so that more people can get more medical knowledge, information and services under the condition of insufficient social resources.

　　"There are still problems that it is difficult and expensive to see a doctor, including I went to the hospital to register, and even after I registered, I went to the wrong department and had to retire and re-register. For us, this is a great consumption. China’s overall medical resources are insufficient and unevenly distributed. At present, the government wants to promote family doctors, which is a good idea, so that medical services can directly benefit more people. But as far as the current social resources are concerned, it is impossible for everyone to call a doctor to serve you. I think it is more important to realize the digital family doctor, which undertakes two responsibilities. " Wang Xiaochuan said. Click details > > >　

? 　Hu Jiqiang: The prospect of promoting healthy China strategic Internet medical service industry can be expected.

??????? Hu Jiqiang, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman of Kang Enbei Group Co., Ltd., made a special interview with Xinhuanet 2018 National People’s Congress.

　　When talking about "internet plus", Hu Jiqiang, deputy to the National People’s Congress and chairman of Kang Enbei Group Co., Ltd., said that medical enterprises must embrace the Internet, and world-class Internet medical service companies may be born in the future.

　　"Although online sales of prescription drugs have not been liberalized in policy, online consultation can be conducted, and an online and offline interactive system can be formed through online medical services. Internet medical care can directly connect medical resources and medical terminals in big cities, and patients can get higher-level medical services on the network platform. Relying on such a platform can serve a huge crowd, and I think there may be a world-class medical service company in this field. As a company, we must seize this opportunity. " Hu Jiqiang said. Click details > > >

　　Wang Jie: To promote the strategy of healthy China, Chinese medicine talents need to have two sets of skills of Chinese and western medicine

??? Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and President of Guang ‘anmen Hospital of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wang Jie was a guest at Xinhuanet 2018 National People’s Congress. Photo by Xinhuanet Guo Xiaotian.

??? In addition to timely treatment, the prevention of disease is also one of the topics of concern to the people. China has a huge group of patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, tumors, etc., especially diabetes and hypertension, and the number of patients exceeds 100 million. How can such a huge group prevent and control chronic diseases? Wang Jie, member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and president of Guang ‘anmen Hospital of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, put forward some strategies of Chinese medicine in the prevention and control of chronic diseases.

　　"Give play to the leading role of Chinese medicine in preventing diseases. Prevention of disease is one of the important concepts of TCM, including three levels: prevention before disease, prevention of change after disease, and prevention of recurrence after disease. To control chronic diseases, the most important thing is to give priority to prevention. Through health care, we can get sick less, get sick later, get sick slowly and avoid serious illness. What if the patient has a chronic disease? The blood lipid is already high, the coronary heart disease has formed, and the artery has hardened. It is necessary to prevent it from developing into a serious illness through effective treatment. It is even more difficult to let coronary heart disease become an acute myocardial infarction, or even die. This is the meaning of preventing the disease from changing. After the disease is controlled, it should be prevented from recurrence and metastasis, so that it can be better stabilized. These aspects can play a leading role in the treatment of diseases by Chinese medicine. " Wang Jie said. Click details > > >

??? Related content:

???[Development of interviews between the two sessions] What signals are revealed in promoting "high-quality development"?

???[Reform of interviews between the two sessions] A new starting point for reform. What new plans are there in these areas?

?? [Innovation in interviews between the two sessions] Accelerate the pace of innovation. What kind of "acceleration" do these industries have?

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